ArticleParasites & vectors2017
Quantifying the intensity of permethrin insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes in western Kenya.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Portable experimental hut tents (PEHTs): a conceptual framework for improved malaria vector control decision-making with a review of fixed experimental hut sites in Africa.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles arabiensis and relationship with Microsporidia MB infection in two rice agroecosystems in Kenya.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Mechanism of metabolic resistance in Anopheles coluzzii to insecticides in two urban areas of southern Benin.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Novel insecticide resistance mutations associated with variable PBO synergy in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from the Democratic Republic of Congo.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Whole transcriptomic analysis reveals overexpression of salivary gland and cuticular proteins genes in insecticide-resistant Anopheles arabiensis from Western Kenya.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- The effect of blood feeding on insecticide resistance intensity and adult longevity in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Characterization of resistance profile (intensity and mechanisms) of Anopheles gambiae in three communes of northern Benin, West Africa.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Western Kenyan Anopheles gambiae showing intense permethrin resistance harbour distinct microbiota.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Insecticide resistance status of indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in a highland and lowland site in Western Kenya.PloS one · 2021Article
- Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) exhibit high intensity pyrethroid resistance throughout Southern and Central Mali (2016-2018): PBO or next generation LLINs may provide greater control.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Diagnostic dose determination and efficacy of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin insecticides against Anopheles malaria vector populations of western Kenya.Malaria journal · 2019Article
- High insecticide resistance intensity of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and low efficacy of pyrethroid LLINs in Accra, Ghana.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Optimising systemic insecticide use to improve malaria control.BMJ global health · 2019Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe development and spread of resistance among local vectors to the major classes of insecticides used in Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) poses a major challenge to malaria vector control programs worldwide. The main methods of evaluating insecticide resistance in malaria vectors are the WHO tube bioassay and CDC bottle assays, with their weakness being determination of resistance at a fixed dose for variable populations. The CDC bottle assay using different insecticide dosages has proved applicable in ascertaining the intensity of resistance.
methodsWe determined the status and intensity of permethrin resistance and investigated the efficacy of commonly used LLINs (PermaNet® 2.0, PermaNet® 3.0 and Olyset®) against 3-5 day-old adult female Anopheles mosquitoes from four sub-counties; Teso, Bondo, Rachuonyo and Nyando in western Kenya. Knockdown was assessed to 4 doses of permethrin; 1× (21.5 μg/ml), 2× (43 μg/ml), 5× (107.5 μg/ml) and 10× (215 μg/ml) using CDC bottle assays.
resultsMortality for 0.75% permethrin ranged from 23.5% to 96.1% in the WHO tube assay. Intensity of permethrin resistance was highest in Barkanyango Bondo, with 84% knockdown at the 30 min diagnostic time when exposed to the 10× dose. When exposed to the LLINs, mortality ranged between- 0-39% for Olyset®, 12-88% for PermaNet® 2.0 and 26-89% for PermaNet® 3.0. The efficacy of nets was reduced in Bondo and Teso. Results from this study show that there was confirmed resistance in all the sites; however, intensity assays were able to differentiate Bondo and Teso as the sites with the highest levels of resistance, which coincidentally were the two sub-counties with reduced net efficacy.
conclusionsThere was a reduced efficacy of nets in areas with high resistance portraying that at certain intensities of resistance, vector control using LLINs may be compromised. It is necessary to incorporate intensity assays in order to determine the extent of threat that resistance poses to malaria control.
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