Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29105987›Full record

Trial reportObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2018

A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite.

Brianna J Stubbs, Pete J Cox, Rhys D Evans, Malgorzata Cyranka, Kieran Clarke, Heidi de Wet

Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04086498 (Effects of Ketonemia and Glycemia Variations During Ketogenic and Mediterranean Weight Loss Diets on Appetite Levels, Executive Functions and Mood), which is not on this map. Cited by 95 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
95citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
8.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04086498 nacompletednot on this map

Effects of Ketonemia and Glycemia Variations During Ketogenic and Mediterranean Weight Loss Diets on Appetite Levels, Executive Functions and Mood

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of PadovaRan2015 to 2016Enrolled50ConditionsOverweight, Mood, Appetitive BehaviorArmsMediterranean diet, KEMEPHY, KD
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

95 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.

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35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Brianna J StubbsDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9566-9134
Pete J CoxDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Rhys D EvansDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Malgorzata CyrankaDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Kieran ClarkeDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Heidi de WetDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
University of Oxford · GB

Funding

British Heart Foundation RG/07/004/22659
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe ketones d-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate are elevated during prolonged fasting or during a "ketogenic" diet. Although weight loss on a ketogenic diet may be associated with decreased appetite and altered gut hormone levels, it is unknown whether such changes are caused by elevated blood ketones. This study investigated the effects of an exogenous ketone ester (KE) on appetite.

methodsFollowing an overnight fast, subjects with normal weight (n = 15) consumed 1.9 kcal/kg of KE, or isocaloric dextrose (DEXT), in drinks matched for volume, taste, tonicity, and color. Blood samples were analyzed for BHB, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and a three-measure visual analogue scale was used to measure hunger, fullness, and desire to eat.

resultsKE consumption increased blood BHB levels from 0.2 to 3.3 mM after 60 minutes. DEXT consumption increased plasma glucose levels between 30 and 60 minutes. Postprandial plasma insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY levels were significantly lower 2 to 4 hours after KE consumption, compared with DEXT consumption. Temporally related to the observed suppression of ghrelin, reported hunger and desire to eat were also significantly suppressed 1.5 hours after consumption of KE, compared with consumption of DEXT.

conclusionsIncreased blood ketone levels may directly suppress appetite, as KE drinks lowered plasma ghrelin levels, perceived hunger, and desire to eat.

Indexed as

AdultAppetiteBeveragesCross-Over StudiesEstersFemaleGhrelinHumansHungerKetonesMaleSingle-Blind MethodYoung AdultEstersGhrelinKetones

Identifiers

PMID29105987
PMCPMC5813183
OpenAlexW2767848831

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.