ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2017
Inflammatory CNS disease caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: status and perspectives.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Anti-Hu Antibodies in Patients With Neurologic Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Pooled it
- Immune-related aseptic meningitis and strategies to manage immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Long-term cognitive function after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition for melanoma.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2026Article
- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome Related to Pembrolizumab Treatment for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Double Anti-NMO and Anti-MOG Positivity in a Patient With Metastatic Renal Carcinoma: First Reported Case.Case reports in neurological medicine · 2026Article
- Upregulation of PD-1 on Peripheral T cells Subsets is Associated with Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Trigger and Exacerbate Anti-CV2/CRMP5 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The dynamics of brain T cell populations during the course of rasmussen encephalitis: from expansion to exhaustion.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Inflammatory disorders that affect the cerebral small vessels.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint PD-L1 Modulates Retinal Microglial Activation to Alleviate Vascular Leakage in Choroidal Neovascularization via ERK.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Unmasking a Paradox: Roles of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of nivolumab induced immune encephalitis.Investigational new drugs · 2025Article
- Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of pembrolizumab induced autoimmune encephalitis.Investigational new drugs · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced AMPA2 antibody-positive encephalitis: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing Neuroimmunology: Unraveling Immune Dynamics and Therapeutic Innovations in CNS Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic upper and lower motor neuropathy triggered by atezolizumab.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Toxicity profiles of immune checkpoint inhibitors in nervous system cancer: a comprehensive disproportionality analysis using FDA adverse event reporting system.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- A Case of Anti-Ma2 Encephalitis Presenting with Pendular Torsional Nystagmus.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer treatment strategies based on immune stimulation have recently entered the clinical arena, with unprecedented success. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) work by indiscriminately promoting immune responses, which target tumour-associated antigens or tumour-specific mutations. However, the augmented immune response, most notably the T cell response, can cause either direct neurotoxicity or, more commonly, indirect neurotoxic effects through systemic or local inflammatory mechanisms or autoimmune mechanisms. Consequently, patients treated with ICIs are susceptible to CNS disease, including paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis and hypophysitis. In this Opinion article, we introduce the mechanisms of action of ICIs and review their adverse effects on the CNS. We highlight the importance of early detection of these neurotoxic effects, which should be distinguished from brain metastasis, and the need for early detection of neurotoxicity. It is crucial that physicians are well informed of these neurological adverse effects, given the anticipated increase in the use of immunotherapies to treat cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.