ArticleBMJ open2017
Quantifying the role of modifiable risk factors in the differences in cardiovascular disease mortality rates between metropolitan and rural populations in Australia: a macrosimulation modelling study.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of Preventable Risk Integrated Model on behavioral risk factors: a scoping review and bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Characterizing Dietary Intakes in Rural Australian Adults: A Systematic Literature Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- The effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy for people at moderate to high risk of cardiovascular disease in an Australian rural primary care setting: 12-month results from a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Sustaining Health Promotion in Australian Supermarkets: Qualitative Perspectives From the Reach for the Stars Programme.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2026Article
- Reply to correspondence 2 on "Sex disparities in alcohol-associated liver disease and subtype differences in alcohol-attributable cancers in the United States".Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Impact assessment of telehealth medical nutrition therapy for managing cardiovascular disease risk in rural and remote NSW: the Healthy Rural Hearts study.Health research policy and systems · 2026Article
- Exploring recruitment strategies for place-based research in rural areas of Australia: a comparative case study analysis.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- The association between socio-economic position and diet quality in rural and regional Australian adults.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Observational
- Trends in Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Diseases Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis.Clinical cardiology · 2025Article
- Estimated reductions in type 2 diabetes burden through nutrition policies in AZAR cohort population: A PRIME microsimulation study for primary health care.Health promotion perspectives · 2024Article
- HealthyRHearts - reducing cholesterol in rural adults via telehealth-based medical nutrition therapy: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Understanding weight status and dietary intakes among Australian school children by remoteness: a cross-sectional study.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- An adversarial training framework for mitigating algorithmic biases in clinical machine learning.NPJ digital medicine · 2023Article
- A mixed-methods evaluation of a health-promoting café located in a small health service in rural Victoria, Australia.The Australian journal of rural health · 2023Article
- Estimating the dietary and health impact of implementing front-of-pack nutrition labeling in Canada: A macrosimulation modeling study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
- Algorithmic fairness and bias mitigation for clinical machine learning with deep reinforcement learning.Nature machine intelligence · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe study aimed (1) to quantify differences in modifiable risk factors between urban and rural populations, and (2) to determine the number of rural cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths that could be averted or delayed if risk factor levels in rural areas were equivalent to metropolitan areas.
settingNational population estimates, risk factor prevalence, CVD and IHD deaths data were analysed by rurality using a macrosimulation Preventable Risk Integrated Model for chronic disease risk. Uncertainty analysis was conducted using a Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 iterations to calculate 95% credible intervals (CIs).
participantsNational data sets of men and women over the age of 18 years living in urban and rural Australia.
resultsIf people living in rural Australia had the same levels of risk factors as those in metropolitan areas, approximately 1461 (95% CI 1107 to 1791) deaths could be delayed from CVD annually. Of these CVD deaths, 793 (95% CI 506 to 1065) would be from IHD. The IHD mortality gap between metropolitan and rural populations would be reduced by 38.2% (95% CI 24.4% to 50.6%).
conclusionsA significant portion of deaths from CVD and IHD could be averted with improvements in risk factors; more than one-third of the excess IHD deaths in rural Australia were attributed to differences in risk factors. As much as two-thirds of the increased IHD mortality rate in rural areas could not be accounted for by modifiable risk factors, however, and this requires further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.