Synthesis and evaluation of dual crosslinked alginate microbeads.

Alginate hydrogels have been investigated for a broad variety of medical applications. The ability to assemble hydrogels at neutral pH and mild temperatures makes alginate a popular choice for the encapsulation and delivery of cells and proteins. Alginate has been studied extensively for the delivery of islets as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, poor stability of the encapsulation systems after implantation remains a challenge. In this paper, alginate was modified with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) to introduce groups that can be photoactivated to generate covalent bonds. This enabled formation of dual crosslinked structure upon exposure to ultraviolet light following initial ionic crosslinking into bead structures. The degree of methacrylation was varied and in vitro stability, long term swelling, and cell viability examined. At low levels of the methacrylation, the beads could be formed by first ionic crosslinks followed by exposure to ultraviolet light to generate covalent bonds. The methacrylated alginate resulted in more stable beads and cells were viable following encapsulation. Alginate microbeads, ionic (unmodified) and dual crosslinked, were implanted into a rat omentum pouch model. Implantation was performed with a local injection of 100 µl of 50 µg/ml of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate a robust inflammatory challenge in vivo. Implants were retrieved at 1 and 3 weeks for analysis. The unmodified alginate microbeads had all failed by week 1, whereas the dual-crosslinked alginate microbeads remained stable up through 3 weeks. The modified alginate microbeads may provide a more stable alternative to current alginate-based systems for cell encapsulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alginate, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has been used for cell encapsulation to prevent graft rejection of cell transplants for people with type I diabetes. Although some success has been observed in clinical trials, the lack of reproducibility and failure to reach insulin dependence for longer periods of time indicates the need for improvements in the procedure. A major requirement for the long-term function of alginate encapsulated cells is the mechanical stability of microcapsules. Insufficient mechanical integrity of the capsules can lead to immunological reactions in the recipients. In this work, alginate was modified to allow photoactivatable groups in order to allow formation of covalent crosslinks in addition to ionic crosslinking. The dual crosslinking design prevents capsule breakdown following implantation in vivo.