Trial reportGut2019
Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: a randomised cross-over trial.
Trial report in Gut, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01731366 (Gut, Grain and Greens), which is not on this map. Cited by 239 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Gut, Grain and Greens (3G): The Effect of Wholegrain on Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Health
Who cites it
239 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 437 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fiber intake and laxation in people with normal bowel function: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Dietary intake of different carbohydrate types and asthma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The impact of dietary patterns on gut microbiota for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.Nutrition journal · 2024Pooled it
- The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Extension of the Segatella copri complex to 13 species with distinct large extrachromosomal elements and associations with host conditions.Cell host & microbe · 2023Pooled it
- Identification of robust and generalizable biomarkers for microbiome-based stratification in lifestyle interventions.Microbiome · 2023Pooled it
- The Relationship between Whole-Grain Intake and Measures of Cognitive Decline, Mood, and Anxiety-A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Dietary intervention improves metabolic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes through the gut microbiota: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of whole grain intake on glycemic control: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of Food-Based Weight Loss Interventions on Gut Microbiome in Individuals with Obesity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Whole Grain Consumption and Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Literature Review of Randomized Control Trials.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Dietary inflammatory index and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Whole Grain Intake, Compared with Refined Grain, on Appetite and Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Characterization of the Oral and Gut Microbiota in Patients with Psoriatic Diseases: A Systematic Review.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of probiotic co-supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs on pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Comparison of Low-Gluten Diets Rich in Oats or Rice-A 6-Week Randomized Clinical Trial With Metabolically Challenged Volunteers.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Trial
- Effects of healthy low-carbohydrate diet and time-restricted eating on weight and gut microbiome in adults with overweight or obesity: Feeding RCT.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
179 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
38 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate whether a whole grain diet alters the gut microbiome and insulin sensitivity, as well as biomarkers of metabolic health and gut functionality.
design60 Danish adults at risk of developing metabolic syndrome were included in a randomised cross-over trial with two 8-week dietary intervention periods comprising whole grain diet and refined grain diet, separated by a washout period of ≥6 weeks. The response to the interventions on the gut microbiome composition and insulin sensitivity as well on measures of glucose and lipid metabolism, gut functionality, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and urine metabolomics were assessed.
results50 participants completed both periods with a whole grain intake of 179±50 g/day and 13±10 g/day in the whole grain and refined grain period, respectively. Compliance was confirmed by a difference in plasma alkylresorcinols (p<0.0001). Compared with refined grain, whole grain did not significantly alter glucose homeostasis and did not induce major changes in the faecal microbiome. Also, breath hydrogen levels, plasma short-chain fatty acids, intestinal integrity and intestinal transit time were not affected. The whole grain diet did, however, compared with the refined grain diet, decrease body weight (p<0.0001), serum inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.009) and C-reactive protein (p=0.003). The reduction in body weight was consistent with a reduction in energy intake, and IL-6 reduction was associated with the amount of whole grain consumed, in particular with intake of rye.
conclusionCompared with refined grain diet, whole grain diet did not alter insulin sensitivity and gut microbiome but reduced body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01731366; Results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.