ArticleBirth defects research2018
Maternal report of fever from cold or flu during early pregnancy and the risk for noncardiac birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.
Article in Birth defects research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- First-trimester nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exposure and risk of major congenital malformations: A retrospective register-based cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence, risk factors and mortality associated with colonic atresia: a population-based case-control study.Pediatric surgery international · 2025Article
- Maternal and fetal risk factors for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: a birth cohort study in urban China.Journal of nephrology · 2024Article
- Fever and antibiotic use in maternal urinary tract infections during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.Birth defects research · 2024Article
- Neural crest E-cadherin loss drives cleft lip/palate by epigenetic modulation via pro-inflammatory gene-environment interaction.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Associations between severe and notifiable respiratory infections during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies at birth: a register-based cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- mEpigenetics · 2022Article
- Associations between maternal reports of periconceptional fever from miscellaneous causes and structural birth defects.Birth defects research · 2022Article
- Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among pregnant women in Pennsylvania 2020.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- COVID-19 AND UPPER LIMB ANOMALIES IN NEWBORNS: A REASON FOR CONCERN?Acta ortopedica brasileira · 2022Review
- Article
- Effects of Environmental Conditions on Nephron Number: Modeling Maternal Disease and Epigenetic Regulation in Renal Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Organoids as a new model system to study neural tube defects.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Review
- Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Limb Reduction Defects: Data from the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations (PRCM).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Teratogenic Genesis in Fetal Malformations.Cureus · 2021Review
- Gene Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Balancing the Risks and Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Women and Their Children.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Ion Channel Contributions to Morphological Development: Insights From the Role of Kir2.1 in Bone Development.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2020Review
- Exome sequencing of family trios from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Tapping into a rich resource of genetic and environmental data.Birth defects research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs maternal fever affects approximately 6-8% of early pregnancies, it is important to expand upon previous observations of an association between maternal fever and birth defects.
methodsWe analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multistate, case-control study of major structural birth defects. Telephone interviews were completed by mothers of cases (n = 17,162) and controls (n = 10,127). Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed the association between maternal self-report of cold or flu with fever and cold or flu without fever during early pregnancy and 30 categories of non-cardiac birth defects.
resultsMaternal report of cold or flu with fever was significantly associated with 8 birth defects (anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, colonic atresia/stenosis, bilateral renal agenesis/hypoplasia, limb reduction defects, and gastroschisis) with elevated adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.2 to 3.7. Maternal report of cold or flu without fever was not associated with any of the birth defects studied.
conclusionsThis study adds to the evidence that maternal fever during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for selected birth defects. Elevated associations were limited to mothers who reported a fever, suggesting that it is fever that contributes to the excess risk rather than illnesses associated with it. However, fever may also serve as a marker for more severe infections.
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Registered trials
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