ArticleFrontiers in neurology2017
The Role of Fungi in the Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multikingdom microbiome-based machine learning enables multiple sclerosis diagnosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Autoimmune responses to myelin-associated proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Associations with human herpesvirus-6 and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Interplay between fungal infections and autoimmunity: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis, urinary tract infections and infertility: a comprehensive scoping review.Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association · 2025Article
- Mapping the complexity of multiple sclerosis: a novel perspective on genetic, environmental, and neurobiological insights.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Exploring the mycobiota in multiple sclerosis: its influence on disease development and progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Latent microbial infections leading to myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review.Current journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Bacteria-Fungi Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Retrovirus-DerivedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Role of Microorganisms in the Etiopathogenesis of Demyelinating Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Systemic Infection by Non-Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Proinflammatory mucosal-associated invariant CD8+ T cells react to gut flora yeasts and infiltrate multiple sclerosis brain.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Article
- Fungal Translocation: A Driving Force Behind the Occurrence of Non-AIDS Events?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Gliotoxin Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Triggering Neuroinflammation.Toxins · 2019Article
- Malassezia in the central nervous system and multiple sclerosis.Infection · 2019Article
- Article
- Spondyloarthritis, Acute Anterior Uveitis, and Fungi: Updating the Catterall-King Hypothesis.Frontiers in medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Infectious triggers of MS are being actively investigated. Substantial evidence supports the involvement of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), though other viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi are also being considered. Many links between fungi and diseases involving chronic inflammation have been found recently. Evidence linking MS and fungi is reviewed here. The HLA-DRB1*15 allele group is the most important genetic risk factor of MS, and is a risk factor in several other conditions linked to fungal infections. Many biomarkers of MS are consistent with fungal infections, such as IL-17, chitotriosidase, and antibodies against fungi. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), first used as an industrial fungicide, was recently repurposed to reduce MS symptoms. Its mechanisms of action in MS have not been firmly established. The low risk of MS during childhood and its moderate association with herpes simplex virus type 2 suggest genital exposure to microbes (including fungi) should be investigated as a possible trigger. Molecular and epidemiological evidence support a role for infections such as EBV in MS. Though fungal infections have not been widely studied in MS, many lines of evidence are consistent with a fungal etiology. Future microbiome and serological studies should consider fungi as a possible risk factor for MS, and future clinical studies should consider the effect of fungicides other than DMF on MS symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.