SynthesisWorld journal of gastroenterology2017
Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in World journal of gastroenterology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Proton pump inhibitors are not associated with an increased risk ofGut microbes · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Bone Mineral Density at Specific Anatomical Sites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2025Pooled it
- Correlation Between Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Complications of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology · 2022Pooled it
- Head of bed elevation to relieve gastroesophageal reflux symptoms: a systematic review.BMC family practice · 2021Pooled it
- The association between acid-suppressive agent use and the risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Agitation or Delirium in Children After Anesthesia-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of Prophylactic Levosimendan on All-Cause Mortality in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery-An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2019Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitor use increases hepatic encephalopathy risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2019Pooled it
- Low-value chronic prescription of acid reducing medication among Dutch general practitioners: impact of a patient education intervention.BMC primary care · 2024Trial
- The INGENIOUS trial: Impact of pharmacogenetic testing on adverse events in a pragmatic clinical trial.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2023Trial
- EFFECT: a randomized phase II study of efficacy and impact on function of two doses of nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatment in older women with advanced breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2020Trial
- Transoral Endoscopic Clip Band Ligation Anti-reflux Therapy (C-BLART) for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Retrospective Analysis of Efficacy and Safety in 37 Patients.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Gastric Acid Suppression on Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Herbal and Natural Product Interventions to Modulate Gut Microbiota in Acid Suppression-Associated Dysbiosis: a systematic review protocol.Journal of pharmacopuncture · 2026Article
- Pharmacomicrobiomics of Non-Antibiotic Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Gut Microbiota Alterations.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Antibiotic and Nonantibiotic Drugs Associated With Clostridioides difficile Infection Risk: a Pharmacopoeia-Wide Case-Cohort Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of RefluxStop for gastroesophageal reflux disease: analysis from an Italian healthcare perspective.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Cost-Effectiveness of RefluxStop Versus Nissen Fundoplication and Proton Pump Inhibitors for Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Spanish Healthcare Perspective.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Balancing therapeutic benefits and hidden risks of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric practice: a narrative review and update.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) therapy and the risk of
resultsFifty-six studies (40 case-control and 16 cohort) involving 356683 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Both the overall pooled estimates and subgroup analyses showed increased risk for CDI despite substantial statistical heterogeneity among studies. Meta-analysis of all studies combined showed a significant association between PPI users and the risk of CDI (pooled OR = 1.99, CI: 1.73-2.30,
conclusionThis meta-analysis provides further evidence that PPI use is associated with an increased risk for development of CDI. Further high-quality, prospective studies are needed to assess whether this association is causal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.