ArticleBMJ open2017
Dietary intake and sources of sodium and potassium among Australian schoolchildren: results from the cross-sectional Salt and Other Nutrients in Children (SONIC) study.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Sources of Dietary Salt Around the World.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Predictors of carotenoid status in New Zealand children using carotenoid reflection score: a cross-sectional study.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Sodium, potassium and blood pressure in Australian schoolchildren: exploring differences by sex and weight status-a cross-sectional study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Encapsulation of Allyl Isothiocyanate by Freeze- and Spray-Drying: Effects on Retention and Sensory Perception in Sodium-Reduced Soups.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ultra-processed food intake and risk of obesity among schoolchildren aged 8-12 years living in Victoria, Australia.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Sodium, potassium and iodine excretion and blood pressure of New Zealand school children: a cross-sectional study and comparison with recommended guidelines.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Association between spot urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure among Chinese adults aged 18-69 years: the SMASH study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a state-wide intervention on salt intake in primary schoolchildren living in Victoria, Australia.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Food and nutrient intakes and compliance with recommendations in school-aged children in Ireland: findings from the National Children's Food Survey II (2017-2018) and changes since 2003-2004.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Evaluation of a Salt-Reduction Consumer Awareness Campaign Targeted at Parents Residing in the State of Victoria, Australia.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Breakfast consumption trends among young Australian children aged up to 5 years: results from InFANT program.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary schoolchildren.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Assessing the Association of Sodium, Potassium Intake and Sodium/Potassium Ratio on Blood Pressure and Central Adiposity Measurements amongst Ellisras Undernourished, Rural Children Aged 5-13 Years: South Africa.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Article
- Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake in Hungarian Elderly: Results from the Cross-Sectional Biomarker2019 Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Sodium and Potassium Excretion of Schoolchildren and Relationship with Their Family Excretion in China.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Article
- Do children with solitary or hypofunctioning kidney have the same prevalence for masked hypertension?Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo examine sodium and potassium urinary excretion by socioeconomic status (SES), discretionary salt use habits and dietary sources of sodium and potassium in a sample of Australian schoolchildren.
designCross-sectional study.
settingPrimary schools located in Victoria, Australia.
participants666 of 780 children aged 4-12 years who participated in the Salt and Other Nutrients in Children study returned a complete 24-hour urine collection. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: 24-hour urine collection for the measurement of sodium and potassium excretion and 24-hour dietary recall for the assessment of food sources. Parent and child reported use of discretionary salt. SES defined by parental highest level of education.
resultsParticipants were 9.3 years (95% CI 9.0 to 9.6) of age and 55% were boys. Mean urinary sodium and potassium excretion was 103 (95% CI 99 to 108) mmol/day (salt equivalent 6.1 g/day) and 47 (95% CI 45 to 49) mmol/day, respectively. Mean molar Na:K ratio was 2.4 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.5). 72% of children exceeded the age-specific upper level for sodium intake. After adjustment for age, sex and day of urine collection, children from a low socioeconomic background excreted 10.0 (95% CI 17.8 to 2.1) mmol/day more sodium than those of high socioeconomic background (p=0.04). The major sources of sodium were bread (14.8%), mixed cereal-based dishes (9.9%) and processed meat (8.5%). The major sources of potassium were dairy milk (11.5%), potatoes (7.1%) and fruit/vegetable juice (5.4%). Core foods provided 55.3% of dietary sodium and 75.5% of potassium while discretionary foods provided 44.7% and 24.5%, respectively.
conclusionsFor most children, sodium intake exceeds dietary recommendations and there is some indication that children of lower socioeconomic background have the highest intakes. Children are consuming about two times more sodium than potassium. To improve sodium and potassium intakes in schoolchildren, product reformulation of lower salt core foods combined with strategies that seek to reduce the consumption of discretionary foods are required.
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