ReviewPsychological bulletin2018
The paradox of intelligence: Heritability and malleability coexist in hidden gene-environment interplay.
Review in Psychological bulletin, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of an Exercise Program on Brain Health Outcomes for Children With Overweight or Obesity: The ActiveBrains Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Rethinking crossover and recovery in eating disorders through a dynamic and value-sensitive framework.Medicine, health care, and philosophy · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic Differences in Cognitive Ability Across Childhood and Adolescence: An Investigation of Genetic, Individual, and Environmental Factors.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations between cognitive ability and socioeconomic status are partially genetic in nature.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Early-life influences on the risk for later-life Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's dementia: A nearly full life course prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The Power to Resolve Cultural Transmission and Sibling Interaction Using Polygenic Scores.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Multivariate genome-wide analysis reveals shared genetic architecture and brain structural correlates of human cognitive abilities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Consent and its discontents: the case of UK Biobank.Medicine, health care, and philosophy · 2025Article
- Maternal dietary patterns, breastfeeding duration, and their association with child cognitive function and head circumference growth: A prospective mother-child cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and Offspring Intelligence Quotient at 5 Years: A Multicohort Analysis.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2025Article
- Assessing harmonized intelligence measures in a multinational study.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Literary tastes are as heritable as other human phenotypes: Evidence from twins' library borrowing.PloS one · 2024Article
- The bidirectional effects between cognitive ability and brain morphology: A life course Mendelian randomization analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- A multi-faceted role of dual-state dopamine signaling in working memory, attentional control, and intelligence.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Review
- Schooling substantially improves intelligence, but neither lessens nor widens the impacts of socioeconomics and genetics.NPJ science of learning · 2022Article
- The Cognitive Profile of Gifted Children Compared to Those of Their Parents: A Descriptive Study Using the Wechsler Scales.Journal of Intelligence · 2022Article
- Selection of Mice for Object Permanence Cognitive Task Solution.Neurology international · 2022Article
- The impact of digital media on children's intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Understanding Sensitive Period Effects in Musical Training.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
- Effect of Mahjong on children's intelligence quotient.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intelligence can have an extremely high heritability, but also be malleable; a paradox that has been the source of continuous controversy. Here we attempt to clarify the issue, and advance a frequently overlooked solution to the paradox: Intelligence is a trait with unusual properties that create a large reservoir of hidden gene-environment (GE) networks, allowing for the contribution of high genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in IQ. GE interplay is difficult to specify with current methods, and is underestimated in standard metrics of heritability (thus inflating estimates of "genetic" effects). We describe empirical evidence for GE interplay in intelligence, with malleability existing on top of heritability. The evidence covers cognitive gains consequent to adoption/immigration, changes in IQ's heritability across life span and socioeconomic status, gains in IQ over time consequent to societal development (the Flynn effect), the slowdown of age-related cognitive decline, and the gains in intelligence from early education. The GE solution has novel implications for enduring problems, including our inability to identify intelligence-related genes (also known as IQ's "missing heritability"), and the loss of initial benefits from early intervention programs (such as "Head Start"). The GE solution can be a powerful guide to future research, and may also aid policies to overcome barriers to the development of intelligence, particularly in impoverished and underprivileged populations. (PsycINFO Database Record
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