ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2018
Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via alternative macrophage polarization.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- From Aerosol to Epithelium: An Integrated Clinical, Pathologic, and Mechanistic Review of Nicotine and Cannabis Vaporizer Use and Pulmonary Disease.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Arctiin activates CB2R to regulate the TRAF6-STAT1/6 pathway maintain macrophage M1/M2 homeostasis.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Endocannabinoid Modulation in Headache: Mechanisms, Models, and Translational Therapies.Cells · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol perturbs macrophage polarization by interfering with the metabolic flux and PI3K/Akt pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) in Macrophages: A Promising Clinical Target for Immune Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Promotion of recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) treatment requires cannabinoid receptor type 2 activity.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- The effect of traumatic brain injury on learning and memory: A synaptic focus.The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry · 2025Review
- Exploring β-caryophyllene: a non-psychotropic cannabinoid's potential in mitigating cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.Archives of pharmacal research · 2025Review
- Novel floxed cannabinoid receptor 2 mouse line combines knockout capability with dual fluorescent reporters.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- CB2 expression in mouse brain: from mapping to regulation in microglia under inflammatory conditions.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- The Impact of the CBMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cannabinoids: Potential for Modulation and Enhancement When Combined with Vitamin B12 in Case of Neurodegenerative Disorders.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Potential of CBD Acting on Cannabinoid Receptors CBInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Exploring the versatile roles of the endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in modulating bacterial infections.Infection and immunity · 2024Review
- Nanomaterials modulate tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of digestive system tumors.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Exercise Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Functional Outcomes in an Experimental Mouse Model of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID).Translational stroke research · 2024Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Inflammation is an important mediator of secondary neurological injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Endocannabinoids, endogenously produced arachidonate based lipids, have recently emerged as powerful anti-inflammatory compounds, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly defined. Endocannabinoids are physiological ligands for two known cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R. In the present study, we hypothesized that selective activation of CB2R attenuates neuroinflammation and reduces neurovascular injury after TBI. Using a murine controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI, we observed a dramatic upregulation of CB2R within infiltrating myeloid cells beginning at 72 h. Administration of the selective CB2R agonist, GP1a (1-5 mg/kg), attenuated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization, increased anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, reduced edema development, enhanced cerebral blood flow, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI. In contrast, the CB2R antagonist, AM630, worsened outcomes. Taken together, our findings support the development of selective CB2R agonists as a therapeutic strategy to improve TBI outcomes while avoiding the psychoactive effects of CB1R activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.