ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2018
Prevalence and Correlates of Smoking Among People Living With HIV in South Africa.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Influencing Tobacco Smoking and Cessation Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Repeat Behavioral Counseling, With and Without Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy, for Smoking Cessation Among People With HIV in South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment Among People Living with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Its Association with Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics among People with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Determinants of cardiovascular and metabolic noncommunicable diseases among people living with HIV in Rwanda: protocol for the NCOHIRWA prospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with use of depression treatment among people with HIV in the United States: An electronic health records-based cohort study.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Multilevel drivers of tobacco use among people living with HIV in West Nile and Karamoja Regions in Uganda: a mixed-methods study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating smoking cessation interventions for people living with HIV in a factorial randomised clinical trial in South Africa using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) framework: The Tlogela Trial protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Initiation, cessation and relapse of tobacco smoking over a 3-year period among participants aged ≥15 years in a large longitudinal cohort in rural South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Association between tobacco smoking and prevalence of HIV, tuberculosis, hypertension and diabetes in rural South Africa: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Tobacco smoking, smoking cessation and life expectancy among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a simulation modelling study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- A phone-based tobacco use cessation program for people living with HIV in Uganda and Zambia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- Childhood trauma, substance use and depressive symptoms in people with HIV during COVID-19.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2024Article
- Comparison of smoking behaviors and associated factors between HIV-infected and uninfected men in Guilin, China: a case-control study.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and associated sociodemographic characteristics: A cross-sectional evaluation of a large cohort of women living with HIV in north-central Nigeria.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Estimates of prevalence, time-trend, and association of smoking in adults living with HIV, HBV, and HCV (NHANES 1999-2018).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The influence of smoking and HIV infection on pulmonary function.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2022Article
- A comparison of lung cancer in HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations.African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine · 2022Article
- Nicotine self-administration with menthol and audiovisual cue facilitates differential packaging of CYP2A6 and cytokines/chemokines in rat plasma extracellular vesicles.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Tobacco Use and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Individuals with Depression Who Are Receiving Treatment for HIV in Cape Town, South Africa.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Smoking likely exacerbates comorbidities which people living with HIV (PLWH) are predisposed. We assessed prevalence and correlates of smoking among PLWH in South Africa, which has 7 million PLWH but inadequate reporting of smoking. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected adults with HIV infection in Klerksdorp, South Africa. Current smoking was assessed by questionnaire, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), and urine cotinine. Results: Of 1210 enrolled adults, 753 (62%) were women. In total, 409 (34%) self-reported ever smoking: 301 (74%) were current and 108 (26%) were former smokers. Using eCO and urine cotinine tests, 239 (52%) men and 100 (13%) women were defined as current smokers. Nearly all smokers (99%) were receiving ART, and had a median (IQR) CD4 count of 333 cells/μL (181-534), viral load of 31 IU/mL (25-4750), and BMI of 21 kg/m2 (19-24). Adjusted analysis among men showed higher odds of smoking with marijuana use (OR = 7.5, 95% CI = 4.1 to 14.6). Among women, 304 (43%) reported using snuff, compared to only 11 (3%) of men, and snuff use was inversely associated with smoking (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.2). A subset of participants (n = 336) was asked about alcohol use, which was positively associated with smoking for men (OR = 8.1, 95% CI = 2.8 to 25.9) and women (OR = 8.5, 95% CI = 2.9 to 26.8). Conclusion: Smoking prevalence among PLWH in South Africa is alarmingly high. Prevention and cessation strategies that consider marijuana and alcohol use are needed. Implications: As long-term HIV care continues to improve, more people living with HIV (PLWH) will die of diseases, including tuberculosis, for which smoking plays an important causal role. The prevalence of smoking is markedly higher among PLWH in high-resource settings, but data for Africa and other low-resource settings that shoulder the brunt of the HIV epidemic has previously not been well documented. We report an alarmingly high prevalence of smoking among PLWH in South Africa, particularly among men, and a strong association between current smoking and use of other substances.
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