ArticleMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)2019
Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial.
Article in Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00645749 (Helminth-induced Immunomodulation Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Helminth-induced Immunomodulation Therapy (HINT) in Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators: a systematic review of their promise in alleviating colitis.BMC immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.JAMA neurology · 2020Trial
- Infectious Agents in Multiple Sclerosis: Viral Triggers, Antibody-Mediated Autoimmunity, and Parasitic Immunomodulation.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Nematodes-Bacteria Complex Metabolites on Cancer and Tumor Progression.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
- Regulatory T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostics-What Do We Know So Far?Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD).Biomedicines · 2023Review
- COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts.iScience · 2023Review
- The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
- Studying the Interactions of U24 from HHV-6 in Order to Further Elucidate Its Potential Role in MS.Viruses · 2022Article
- Importance of TGFβ in Cancer and Nematode Infection and Their Interaction-Opinion.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality.mSystems · 2022Article
- Immunomodulatory and biological properties of helminth-derived small molecules: Potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.Frontiers in parasitology · 2022Review
- Regulatory T Cell Therapeutics for Neuroinflammatory Disorders.Critical reviews in immunology · 2022Review
- The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections.International journal for parasitology · 2021Review
- Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis.Microbiome · 2021Article
- Infection withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe hygiene hypothesis suggests that microbial replacement may be therapeutic in allergic and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, the results of helminth treatment, including in multiple sclerosis (MS), have been inconclusive.
objectiveTo assess safety and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity in subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) during oral administration of ova from the porcine whipworm, Trichuris suis (TSO).
methodsA total of 16 disease-modifying treatment (DMT) naive RRMS subjects were studied in a baseline versus treatment (BVT) controlled prospective study. MRI scans were performed during 5 months of screening-observation, 10 months of treatment, and 4 months of post-treatment surveillance.
resultsNo serious symptoms or adverse events occurred during treatment. For the cohort, there was a trend consistent with a 35% diminution in active lesions when observation MRIs were compared to treatment MRIs ( p = 0.08), and at the level of individuals, 12 of 16 subjects improved during TSO treatment. T regulatory lymphocytes were increased during TSO treatment.
conclusionTSO is safe in RRMS subjects. Potentially favorable MRI outcomes and immunoregulatory changes were observed during TSO treatment; however, the magnitude of these effects was modest, and there was considerable variation among the responses of individual subjects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.