Macroinvertebrate communities in riverine systems of buffer areas of protected wildland, rangeland and city areas: implications for conservation of riverine systems on urbanising watersheds.

Riverine systems in developing countries continue to be degraded by anthropogenic pressures such as urbanisation. The responses of biota in watersheds surrounding a drainage divide may provide critical information that is required to protect the ecological condition of riverine systems. This study assessed the spatial variation of selected environmental variables together with macroinvertebrate communities in upper reaches of riverine systems across different land use categories of the Bulawayo region. Based on an a priori selection criterion, studied sites were grouped following an urban-wastewater disturbance gradient comprising of (i) heavily polluted city sites, (ii) moderately disturbed rangeland sites and (iii) less disturbed sites of the buffer areas of protected wildland. Most of the studied environmental variables and the macroinvertebrate community assemblages were significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) different and degraded within the city areas. In this study, the variance of environmental variables known to be associated with organic pollution like increased nutrients, embeddedness by particulates, salinity, COD, conductivity, turbidity and reduced dissolved oxygen was found to be related with the variation of macroinvertebrate communities across the studied sites. Besides affirming the effectiveness of macroinvertebrate-based bioassessment approaches, the results of our study demonstrate that an aggressive riverine protection policy that prohibits the discharge of poor-quality urban effluents and preservation of the less disturbed riverine systems needs to be part of the larger urban planning and regulatory framework in urbanising watersheds.