Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29058082›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2018

Forensic differentiation between peripheral and menstrual blood in cases of alleged sexual assault-validating an immunochromatographic multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of human hemoglobin and D-dimer.

Hannah Holtkötter, Claudemir Rodrigues Dias Filho, Kristina Schwender, Christian Stadler, Marielle Vennemann, Ana Claudia Pacheco, Gabriela Roca

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Pre-ejaculate - an overlooked body fluid with high amounts of DNA.International journal of legal medicine · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Microbial genomics: a potential toolkit for forensic investigations.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Use of Lateral Flow Assays in Forensics.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Interpol review of forensic biology and forensic DNA typing 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Hannah HoltkötterInstitute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
Claudemir Rodrigues Dias FilhoSuperintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Criminalística, São Paulo, Brazil.
Kristina SchwenderInstitute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
Christian StadlerSERATEC Gesellschaft für Biotechnologie mbH, Ernst-Ruhstrat-Straße 5, 37079, Göttingen, Germany.
Marielle VennemannInstitute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
Ana Claudia PachecoSuperintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Criminalística, São Paulo, Brazil.
Gabriela RocaSERATEC Gesellschaft für Biotechnologie mbH, Ernst-Ruhstrat-Straße 5, 37079, Göttingen, Germany. gabriela.roca@seratec.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sexual assault is a serious offense and identification of body fluids originating from sexual activity has been a crucial aspect of forensic investigations for a long time. While reliable tests for the detection of semen and saliva have been successfully implemented into forensic laboratories, the detection of other body fluids, such as vaginal or menstrual fluid, is more challenging. Especially, the discrimination between peripheral and menstrual blood can be highly relevant for police investigations because it provides potential evidence regarding the issue of consent. We report the forensic validation of an immunochromatographic test that allows for such discrimination in forensic stains, the SERATEC PMB test, and its performance on real casework samples. The PMB test is a duplex test combining human hemoglobin and D-dimer detection and was developed for the identification of blood and menstrual fluid, both at the crime scene and in the laboratory. The results of this study showed that the duplex D-dimer/hemoglobin assay reliably detects the presence of human hemoglobin and identifies samples containing menstrual fluid by detecting the presence of D-dimers. The method distinguished between menstrual and peripheral blood in a swab from a historical artifact and in real casework samples of alleged sexual assaults. Results show that the development of the new duplex test is a substantial progress towards analyzing and interpreting evidence from sexual assault cases.

Indexed as

Sex OffensesAdultBlood Chemical AnalysisChromatography, AffinityFemaleFibrin Fibrinogen Degradation ProductsForensic MedicineHemoglobinsHumansMaleMenstruationYoung AdultFibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Productsfibrin fragment DHemoglobinsBody fluid identificationD-dimerImmunochromatographic assayMenstrual bloodSexual assault

Identifiers

PMID29058082
PMCPMC5919992

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.