ArticleFamily medicine and community health2017
Smoking, depression, and hospital costs of respiratory cancers: Examining race and sex variation.
Article in Family medicine and community health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for COPD exacerbations and mortality, and variation between primary care settings: the PRAXIS cohort study in Sweden.Family medicine and community health · 2026Article
- Analysis of Influencing Factors of Major Depression After Spinal Cord Injury.Alpha psychiatry · 2024Article
- How do self-exempt beliefs affect intentions to quit smoking? An exploration of the mediating role of threat appraisal and coping appraisal.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Hospitalization Costs and Financial Burden on Families with Children with Depression: A Cross-Section Study in Shandong Province, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Impact of smoking on health system costs among cancer patients in a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada.BMJ open · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe role of smoking and depression relative to hospital cost for lung cancer (LC) remains unknown.
methodsWe extracted data on depression, smoking history, demographics, and hospital charges on patients with respiratory cancers (ICD-9 codes 161-163,165) from the 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System. The sample (n=6,665) was mostly white (86%) and male (57). Age-adjusted rates were developed per CDC methodology, and hospital costs were compared for LC with vs. without depression and smoking.
resultsThree findings (p<.001) emerged: (i) LC rate was higher among blacks than whites, and higher among males than females; (ii) While 66% of LC smoked (more males than females without racial variation), 24% had depression (more females and whites were depressed); (iii) The LC hospital cost was 54% higher compared to non-LC, and this cost doubled for LC with depression and smoking vs. those without such characteristics.
conclusionWhile LC is more prevalent among blacks and males, depression is higher among female and white patients. Since depression with higher costs existed among LC patients, our findings point to: (i) possibility of cost savings by diagnosing and treating depression among LC, and (ii) implementing proven smoking cessation programs to reduce LC morbidity and hospital costs.
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