ReviewOphthalmology2017
The Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease: What We Know and Future Directions for Research.
Review in Ophthalmology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05784519 (Clinical Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Eye Drops for Treating Dry Eye Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 282 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Eye Drops for Treating Dry Eye Disease
Who cites it
282 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 482 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outcome parameters in studies investigating dry eye disease: A systematic literature review.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of topical cyclosporine A in optimizing ocular surface and relieving dry eye symptoms after cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of particulate matter and air pollution on ocular surface disease: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.The ocular surface · 2025Pooled it
- Global research hotspots and trends in anti-inflammatory studies in dry eye: a bibliometric analysis (2004-2024).Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Aqueous-deficient dry eye disease: Preferred practice pattern guidelines on clinical approach, diagnosis, and management.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Guideline
- Impact of 0.05% cyclosporine A on visual quality in patients with Post-refractive surgery dry eye.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Trial
- Prospective pilot randomized controlled study of mini-scleral lenses versus rigid gas permeable lenses in irregular cornea with dry eye.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Pooled results from two pivotal randomized controlled clinical trials: ESSENCE-1 and ESSENCE-2 to assess efficacy and safety of a water-free ciclosporin 0.1% formulation for the treatment of dry eye disease.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Trial
- Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Preservative Free Cyclosporine in Dry Eye Disease.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Trial
- Cationic nanoemulsion vs. 0.15% sodium hyaluronate artificial tears in the healing process following modern surface keratorefractive surgery.European journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple topical ophthalmic administration of imatinib mesylate in healthy subjects.Clinical and translational science · 2022Trial
- Laser Acupuncture Improves Tear Film Stability in Patients with Dry Eye Disease: A Two-Center Randomized-Controlled Trial.Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Characteristics of Tear Film in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients as Measured by a Novel Tear Film Imager: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Protective Effect of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Corneal Epithelial Barrier in Experimental Dry Eye Models.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A high-throughput 3D conjunctival spheroid model for standardized in vitro testing.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome with and Without Dry Eye Disease: An Observational Comparative Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Model of ocular surface ion and water transport predicts efficacy of dry eye therapeutics.The Journal of general physiology · 2026Article
- The burden of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Nigeria: a scoping review of prevalence and risk factors.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Tear Fluid Lymphotoxin-Alpha as a Diagnostic Biomarker for the Stratification of Dry Eye Disease.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
222 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies performed over the past few decades have discovered that dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be initiated by numerous extrinsic or intrinsic factors that promote an unstable and hyperosmolar tear film. These changes in tear composition, in some cases combined with systemic factors, lead to an inflammatory cycle that causes ocular surface epithelial disease and neural stimulation. Acute desiccation activates stress signaling pathways in the ocular surface epithelium and resident immune cells. This triggers production of innate inflammatory mediators that stimulate the production of matrix metalloprotease, inflammatory cell recruitment, and dendritic cell maturation. These mediators, combined with exposure of autoantigens, can lead to an adaptive T cell-mediated response. Cornea barrier disruption develops by protease-mediated lysis of epithelial tight junctions, leading to accelerated cell death; desquamation; an irregular, poorly lubricated cornea surface; and exposure and sensitization of epithelial nociceptors. Conjunctival goblet cell dysfunction and death are promoted by the T helper 1 cytokine interferon gamma. These epithelial changes further destabilize the tear film, amplify inflammation, and create a vicious cycle. Cyclosporine and lifitegrast, the 2 US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies, inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production. Although these therapies represent a major advance in dry eye therapy, they are not effective in improving discomfort and corneal epithelial disease in all patients. Preclinical studies have identified other potential therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and strategies to bolster endogenous immunoregulatory pathways. These discoveries will, it is hoped, lead to further advances in diagnostic classification and treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.