ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2018
Multimodal imaging of small hard retinal drusen in young healthy adults.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preexisting Fundus Findings in a Large Cohort of Young Cynomolgus Macaques (Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2026Article
- Hyperspectral Imaging for the Classification and Analysis of Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Observational
- Multimodal in-vivo maps as a tool to characterize retinal structural biomarkers for progression in adult-onset Stargardt disease.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited].Biomedical optics express · 2023Review
- Does senescence play a role in age-related macular degeneration?Experimental eye research · 2022Review
- Retinal magnification factors at the fixation locus derived from schematic eyes with four individualized surfaces.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Human Foveal Cone and RPE Cell Topographies and Their Correspondence With Foveal Shape.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- A New Method for Visualizing Drusen and Their Progression in Flood-Illumination Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Population-Based Prevalence and 5-Year Change of Soft Drusen, Pseudodrusen, and Pachydrusen in a Japanese Population.Ophthalmology science · 2021Article
- Comparison of confocal and non-confocal split-detection cone photoreceptor imaging.Biomedical optics express · 2021Article
- Article
- The Relationship Between Perifoveal L-Cone Isolating Visual Acuity and Cone Photoreceptor Spacing-Understanding the Transition Between Healthy Aging and Early AMD.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- Characterization of Retinal Structure in ATF6-Associated Achromatopsia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Article
- The Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Aniridia: Within-Family Phenotype-Genotype Discordance.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2019Article
- Color Vision in Aniridia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmall hard macular drusen can be observed in the retina of adults as young as 18 years of age. Here, we seek to describe the in vivo topography and geometry of these drusen.
methodsRetinal images were acquired in young, healthy adults using colour fundus photography, spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT), reflectance flood-illuminated adaptive optic ophthalmoscopy (AO flood) and reflectance adaptive optic scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in both confocal and non-confocal split-detection modalities. Small bright yellow hard drusen within a 10 degree radius from the foveal centre were characterised.
resultsSmall hard drusen were seen on colour photographs in 21 out of 97 participants and 26 drusen in 12 eyes in 11 participants were imaged using the full protocol. Drusen were easily identifiable in all modalities, except a few very small ones, which were not visible on SD-OCT. On AOSLO images, these drusen appeared as round, oval or lobular areas (up to three lobules) of diameter 22-61 µm where cone photoreceptor reflectivity and density was decreased (p=0.049). This was usually associated with discrete thickening of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex.
conclusionHigh lateral resolution imaging of small lobular hard retinal drusen suggests formation through the confluence of two or more smaller round lesions. The outline and size of these smaller lesions corresponds to 1-4 RPE cells. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to determine the ultimate fate of small hard drusen and their potential relation to age-related macular degeneration.
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