ArticlePloS one2017
Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A population-based study in SEER-Medicare.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gastrointestinal traits, common inflammatory disorders, gallstones, and biliary tract cancer: A network Mendelian randomization study.Journal of advanced research · 2026Pooled it
- Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and extrahepatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2020Pooled it
- Body Mass Index, Diabetes and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Risk: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project and Meta-analysis.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Mortality Trends of Biliary Tract Cancers in the United States, 1999-2023: a CDC-WONDER Analysis.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Article
- Survival benefit of surgical resection in elderly patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis.Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis integrating the Global Burden of Disease 2021 and Mendelian randomization.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Association of Statin Use with Reduced Primary Liver Cancer Risk, Independent of Age and Cirrhosis Protection in MASLD.Cancers · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes in Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome: a longitudinal observational cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Transplant Oncology in Evolution: Emerging Roles for Liver Transplant Beyond Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancers · 2026Review
- Article
- Log odds of positive lymph nodes predict surgical prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on SEER cohort and nomogram model.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Cholangiocarcinoma 2026: status quo, unmet needs and priorities.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Tobacco-associated carcinogenesis with nicotine-mediated tumor promotion across the gastrointestinal tract: A narrative review.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Review
- Beyond futility: The history and potential of liver transplantation in cholangiocarcinoma.World journal of transplantation · 2025Review
- Two scopes, one mission: An integrated approach of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound to biliary strictures.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Clinical Relevance of Ratios Derived from Routine Blood-Based Biomarkers in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Two-way increased-risk associations between hepatobiliary cancers and other malignancies: a population-based study.Hepatic oncology · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Hydrogels for Biliary Organoid Engineering.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Disaggregation of Hepatobiliary Cancer Mortality Among Asian Americans: Analysis of NVSS Mortality Data.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Inflammation and immunity in liver homeostasis and disease: a nexus of hepatocytes, nonparenchymal cells and immune cells.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIntrahepatic (ICC) and extrahepatic (ECC) cholangiocarcinomas are rare tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, and the etiology of both cancer types is poorly understood. Thus, we utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare resource to examine risk factors and novel preexisting medical conditions that may be associated with these cancer types.
methodsBetween 2000 and 2011, 2,092 ICC and 2,981 ECC cases and 323,615 controls were identified using the SEER-Medicare database. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with approximately 3-fold increased risks of ICC (OR = 3.52, 95% CI: 2.87-4.32) and ECC (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 2.42-3.55). Other metabolic conditions, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, were also associated with increased risks of both cancer types. Smoking was associated with a 46% and 77% increased ICC and ECC risk, respectively. Several autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, including type 1 diabetes and gout, were associated with increased risks of ICC/ECC. As anticipated, viral hepatitis, alcohol-related disorders, and bile duct conditions were associated with both cancer types. However, thyrotoxicosis and hemochromatosis were associated with an increased risk of ICC but not ECC, but did not remain significantly associated after Bonferroni correction.
conclusionsIn this study, risk factors for ICC and ECC were similar, with the exceptions of thyrotoxicosis and hemochromatosis. Notably, metabolic conditions were associated with both cancer types. As metabolic conditions are increasing in prevalence, these could be increasingly important risk factors for both types of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.