ReviewToxicologic pathology2017
Bone and the Immune System.
Review in Toxicologic pathology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The role of CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 improves the efficacy of alendronate sodium/vitamin D₃ therapy on skeletal health in stage 3 CKD.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Association Between Chronic Inflammation, Bone Density, and Muscle in Peripubertal Adolescents With and Without HIV in Zimbabwe: A Cross-sectional Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Role of the immune microenvironment in bone regeneration and progress in immune-modulating bone nanobiomaterials.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Review
- FXR in bone metabolism: An emerging regulator.iScience · 2026Review
- Bone and Infections: An Osteoimmunological Interplay.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming-Related Osteoimmunity in Osteoporosis.Calcified tissue international · 2026Review
- Osteoimmune senescence in aging-related bone diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Immune cell senescence and chronic bone diseases: osteoimmune mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development and evaluation of a machine learning based risk prediction model for osteoporosis.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Immune-Guided Bone Healing: The Role of Osteoimmunity in Tissue Engineering Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Associations between hormones, metabolic markers, and bone mass in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2025Article
- The association between the presence of kidney stones and the risk of developing osteoporosis: a NHANES-based cross-sectional study and Mendelian randomization analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2025Observational
- Sex-dependent variation in bone adaptation: from degeneration to regeneration.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2025Review
- Combined Sequential Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Immune Reconstitution Bone Loss and Estrogen Deficiency Bone Loss Are Cumulative in Mice Models.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Osteoimmunology: Crosstalk Between T Cells and Osteoclasts in Osteoporosis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Decreased STING predicts adverse efficacy in bortezomib regimens and poor survival in multiple myeloma.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- DAMPs, PAMPs, NLRs, RIGs, CLRs and TLRs - Understanding the Alphabet Soup in the Context of Bone Biology.Current osteoporosis reports · 2025Review
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Osteoporosis increases fracture risk, a cause of crippling morbidity and mortality. The immunoskeletal interface (ISI) is a centralization of cell and cytokine effectors shared between skeletal and immune systems. Consequently, the immune system mediates powerful effects on bone turnover. Physiologically, B cells secrete osteoprotegerin (OPG), a potent anti-osteoclastogenic factor that preserves bone mass. However, activated T cells and B cells secrete pro-osteoclastogenic factors including receptor activator of Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) ligand (RANKL), Interleukin (IL)-17A, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α promoting bone loss in inflammatory states such as rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, ISI disruption has been linked to osteoporosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), where elevated B cell RANKL and diminished OPG drive bone resorption. HIV-antiretroviral therapy paradoxically intensifies bone loss during disease reversal, as immune reconstitution produces osteoclastogenic cytokines. Interestingly, in estrogen deficiency, activated T cells secrete RANKL, TNF, and IL-17A that amplify bone resorption and contribute to postmenopausal osteoporosis. T cell-produced TNF and IL-17A further contribute to bone loss in hyperparathyroidism, while T cell production of the anabolic Wingless integration site (Wnt) ligand, Wnt10b, promotes bone formation in response to anabolic parathyroid hormone and the immunomodulatory costimulation inhibitor cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4-IgG (abatacept). These findings provide a window into the workings of the ISI and suggest novel targets for future therapeutic interventions to reduce fracture risk.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.