ArticlePloS one2017
Enlarged Virchow Robin spaces associate with cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The etiology and evolution of magnetic resonance imaging-visible perivascular spaces: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Enlarged perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis on magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2020Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with more severe microstructural damage in white matter lesions among people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Choroid plexus enlargement contributes to motor severity via regional glymphatic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Progression of enlarged perivascular spaces contributes to occurrence of silent lacunar infarction in the elderly.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Imaging of brain barrier inflammation and brain fluid drainage in human neurological diseases.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Review
- CNS Ageing in Health and Neurodegenerative Disorders.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Dilated Virchow-Robin Spaces are a Marker for Arterial Disease in Multiple Sclerosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Review
- Lesion Volume in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis is Associated with Perivascular Space Enlargement at the Level of the Basal Ganglia.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2022Article
- Semi-automated Segmentation and Quantification of Perivascular Spaces at 7 Tesla in COVID-19.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Enlarged perivascular spaces, neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction in NMOSD patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract prevents hypobaric hypoxia induced memory deficit by modulating neurotransmission, neuroplasticity and maintaining redox homeostasis.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Enhancement of Perivascular Spaces Using Densely Connected Deep Convolutional Neural Network.IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions · 2019Article
- Enlarged perivascular spaces are not associated with vascular co-morbidities, clinical outcomes, and brain volumes in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinicalArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The clinical significance of Virchow Robin spaces (VRS) in inflammatory brain disorders, especially in multiple sclerosis (MS), is still undefined. We analysed enlarged VRS (eVRS) by means of phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) MRI sequence and investigated their association with inflammation or brain atrophy, and to clinical or physical disability. Forty-three MS patients (21 clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS [CIS], 15 RRMS, 7 progressive [PMS]) and 10 healthy controls (HC) were studied. 3DT1, 3DFLAIR and 2DPSIR images were obtained with a 3T MRI scanner. eVRS number and volume were calculated by manual segmentation (ITK-SNAP). Freesurfer was used to assess brain parenchymal fraction (BPF). All patients underwent clinical (EDSS) and cognitive (Rao's BRB and DKEFS) evaluation. eVRS number and volume resulted significantly higher on 2D-PSIR compared to both 3D-T1 (p<0.001) and 3D-FLAIR (p<0.001) and were significantly increased in CIS compared to HC (p<0.05), in PMS and RRMS compared to CIS (p<0.001) and in male versus female patients (p<0.05). eVRS volume increased significantly with disease duration (r = 0.6) but did not correlate with EDSS. eVRS significantly correlated with SPARTd (r = -0.47) and DKEFSfs (r = -0.46), especially when RRMS and PMS were merged in a single group (r = 0.89, p = 0.002 and r = 0.66, p = 0.009 respectively), while no correlation was found with BPF (r = 0.3), gadolinium-enhancing lesions (r = 0.2) and WMT2 lesion volume (r = 0.2). 2DPSIR allowed the detection of an impressive higher number of eVRS compared to 3DT1 and 3DFLAIR. eVRS associate with SPARTd and DKEFSfs failure in relapse-onset MS, suggesting they may contribute to cognitive decline in MS.
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Registered trials
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