ReviewJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2017
The immune system in cancer metastasis: friend or foe?
Review in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 178 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
178 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Locoregional therapy of the primary tumour in de novo stage IV breast cancer in 216 066 patients: A meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Liquid biopsy reveals the immune status and protein profiles linked to CTC burden and clinical outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Trial
- Tumor-intrinsic IFNγ signaling and niche adaptation drive early colonization in ovarian cancer metastasis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Surgeon Perspectives on Intraoperative Cell Salvage in Liver Resection for Cancer: A National Survey of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgeons.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Environmentally induced cell stiffening shapes metastatic site selection by tuning the immune vulnerability of cancer cells.Immunity · 2026Article
- Systemic immunosuppression limits NK cell therapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Investigating the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 genes as immune regulators in patients with colorectal polyps.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Foxp3+/CD4+ Cell Ratio in Primary Colorectal Cancer Predicts Opposite Prognoses Following Resection of Synchronous or Metachronous Liver Metastases.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics profiling reveals distinct evolutionary and immunogenic features of brain oligometastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Gompertz growth with a shared carrying capacity optimally simulates primary and metastatic tumor growth dynamics.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles enhance osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis via the circRNA-0010220/β-catenin pathway.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Preclinical models of breast cancer metastasis: strengths, limitations, and clinical relevance.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Review
- Accumulation of small peritoneal macrophages and dendritic cells in a concomitant immunity model associated with prolonged survival.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Spatial Profiling and Prognostic Role of CD169+ Macrophages in Colorectal Cancer From Adjacent Nontumor Mucosa to Liver Metastasis.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Targeting the Neuro-Immune Axis in Next-Generation Oncology: Discovery and Validation of βOncology research · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of a Selective 5α-reductase Inhibitor against Glioblastoma: Molecular Docking and In Vitro Insights.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- IL7-TBRII, a Dual Cytokine Modulator Targeting IL-7 and TGF-β Pathways, Inhibits Tumor Progression and Metastasis.Immune network · 2025Article
- Battlegrounds of treatment resistance: decoding the tumor microenvironment.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Elevated tumor NOS2/COX2 promotes immunosuppressive phenotypes associated with poor survival in ER- breast cancer.JCI insight · 2025Article
118 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death among cancer patients and involves a complex and inefficient process. Every step of the metastatic process can be rate limiting and is influenced by non-malignant host cells interacting with the tumor cell. Over a century ago, experiments first indicated a link between the immune system and metastasis. This phenomenon, called concomitant immunity, indicates that the primary tumor induces an immune response, which may not be sufficient to destroy the primary tumor, but prevents the growth of a secondary tumor or metastases. Since that time, many different immune cells have been shown to play a role in both inhibiting and promoting metastatic disease. Here we review classic and new observations, describing the links between the immune system and metastasis that inform the development of cancer therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.