ArticlePloS one2017
Costs of facility-based HIV testing in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Costs of HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- The costs of scaling up HIV and syphilis testing in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Health policy and planning · 2021Pooled it
- The cost of implementing the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach for a cluster randomized trial integrating HIV testing into family planning services in Mombasa County, Kenya.BMC health services research · 2022Trial
- Effect of door-to-door distribution of HIV self-testing kits on HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation: a cluster randomised trial in Malawi.BMJ global health · 2021Trial
- Relative efficiency of demand creation strategies to increase voluntary medical male circumcision uptake: a study conducted as part of a randomised controlled trial in Zimbabwe.BMJ global health · 2021Trial
- Economic evaluation of facility-based HIV self-testing among adult outpatients in Malawi.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Trial
- A Cross-Sectional Study of the Use of Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Community Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Using an app for COVID-19 contact tracing costs less per person traced than manual tracing: microcosting analysis of a randomised trial in Cameroon.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Cost-outcome analysis of HIV testing and counseling, linkage, and defaulter tracing services in Bukoba, Tanzania.AIDS care · 2024Article
- Costs of distributing HIV self-testing kits in Eswatini through community and workplace models.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Provider and female client economic costs of integrated sexual and reproductive health and HIV services in Zimbabwe.PloS one · 2024Article
- Understanding the cost-utility of implementing HIV self-testing with digital-based supports.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Estimating the cost of HIV services for key populations provided by the LINKAGES program in Kenya and Malawi.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Article
- Costs and cost-effectiveness of HIV counselling and testing modalities in Southern Mozambique.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2022Article
- Comparison between HIV self-testing and facility-based HIV testing approach on HIV early detection among men who have sex with men: A cross-sectional study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Economic Analysis of Low Volume Interventions Using Real-World Data: Costs of HIV Self-Testing Distribution and HIV Testing Services in West Africa From the ATLAS Project.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
- Efficiency in PrEP Delivery: Estimating the Annual Costs of Oral PrEP in Zimbabwe.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Implementing Advanced HIV Disease Care for Inpatients in a Referral Hospital in Malawi - Demand, Results and Cost Implications.Annals of global health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProviding HIV testing at health facilities remains the most common approach to ensuring access to HIV treatment and prevention services for the millions of undiagnosed HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to explore the costs of providing these services across three southern African countries with high HIV burden.
methodsPrimary costing studies were undertaken in 54 health facilities providing HIV testing services (HTS) in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Routinely collected monitoring and evaluation data for the health facilities were extracted to estimate the costs per individual tested and costs per HIV-positive individual identified. Costs are presented in 2016 US dollars. Sensitivity analysis explored key drivers of costs.
resultsHealth facilities were testing on average 2290 individuals annually, albeit with wide variations. The mean cost per individual tested was US$5.03.9 in Malawi, US$4.24 in Zambia and US$8.79 in Zimbabwe. The mean cost per HIV-positive individual identified was US$79.58, US$73.63 and US$178.92 in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Both cost estimates were sensitive to scale of testing, facility staffing levels and the costs of HIV test kits.
conclusionsHealth facility based HIV testing remains an essential service to meet HIV universal access goals. The low costs and potential for economies of scale suggests an opportunity for further scale-up. However low uptake in many settings suggests that demand creation or alternative testing models may be needed to achieve economies of scale and reach populations less willing to attend facility based services.
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