Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29034323›Full record

ArticleClinical medical reviews and case reports2016

Hypothesizing that a Pro-Dopaminergic Regulator (KB220z

Kenneth Blum, Debra Whitney, Lye Fried, Marcelo Febo, Roger L Waite, Eric R Braverman, Kristina Dushaj, Mona Li, John Giordano, Zsolt Demetrovics and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical medical reviews and case reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Dopaminergic Homeostatic Therapy (DHTActa scientific neurology · 2025
    Article
  3. A Comprehensive 4-layeredCurrent pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Kenneth BlumDepartment of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA.
Debra WhitneyDivision of Clinical Addiction Medicine, Pure Recovery, USA.
Lye FriedDivision of Neuroscience Research and Addiction Therapy, Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, USA.
Marcelo FeboDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USA.
Roger L WaiteNational Institute for Holistic Studies in Addiction, USA.
Eric R BravermanDivision of Personalized Medicine, IGENE, LLC, USA.
Kristina DushajDivision of Personalized Medicine, IGENE, LLC, USA.
Mona LiDivision of Personalized Medicine, IGENE, LLC, USA.
John GiordanoNational Institute for Holistic Studies in Addiction, USA.
Zsolt DemetrovicsDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Eotvos Lorand University, Hungary.
Rajendra D BadgaiyanDepartment of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, University at Minnesota, USA.

Funding

Dopamine Neurotransmission in Tourette SyndromeR01NS073884 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI BADGAIYAN, RAJENDRA D · 2012 to 2016
$2.2M
Imaging In Vivo Neural Mechanisms of Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts)R21DA038009 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI FEBO, MARCELO · 2015 to 2016
$411k
Detection of Dopamine Release During a Cognitive TaskR21MH073624 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI BADGAIYAN, RAJENDRA D · 2005 to 2006
$368k
NIDA NIH HHS R21 DA038009NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH073624NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS073884
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In order to explore the initiation of detoxification of addictive patients to opiates/opioids (along with some other anti-withdrawal agents), we developed a protocol to be utilized in treatment centers particularly with heavily dependent opiate/opioid subjects. Out of 17 subjects, only three received Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Bup/nx) along with KB220Z. In this pilot, we first used a dose of KB220Z of 2 oz twice daily before meals along with clonidine and benzodiazepines and other anti-nausea and sleep aids including Gabapentin. The dose of KB220Z was maintained for 6 days in five individuals. In a second scenario, we utilized a higher dose of 4 oz every 6 hours, over a 6-day period. The higher dose was employed in another 12 patients. It is noteworthy that only 3 people have relapsed utilizing these two protocols during the first two weeks of the study, allowing for the remaining 82% to be maintained on KB220Z. The patients have been maintained without any additional Bup/nx for a minimum of 120 days and in one subject, 214 days. We are in the process of testing this hypothesis in multiple treatment centers across the United Sates utilizing data from the Clinical opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) pre and post KB220Z. We are in the process of testing this hypothesis in multiple treatment centers across the United Sates. While this does not constitute an acceptable controlled experiment, it does provide some preliminary evidence that agrees with an earlier study. Moreover, because of the utilization of standard detoxifying agents in this detoxification protocol, we cannot make any inference to KB220Z's effects. However, out of 17 subjects, only three required Bup/nx suggesting an interesting finding. If further confirmed in larger studies, the utilization for opiate/opioid detoxification may provide a novel way to eliminate the need for addictive opioids during withdrawal and detoxification. This paradigm shift may translate to a reduction in utilizing powerful and addictive opioids like buprenorphine and methadone (especially in these patients at high genetic risk for addiction) as not only detoxifying agents, but also maintenance drugs. While extensive research is required, this pilot paves the way for future investigations that could assist in the reduction of addictive opiate/opioid use and mortalities amongst both the young and old in America.

Indexed as

Bup/nxDetoxificationKB220Z liquid variantOpiate/Opioid addictionWithdrawal

Identifiers

PMID29034323
PMCPMC5638455

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.