ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2017
Softening Among U.S. Smokers With Psychological Distress: More Quit Attempts and Lower Consumption as Smoking Drops.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- History and Correlates of Smoking Cessation Behaviors Among Individuals With Current or Past Major Depressive Disorder Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- History and Correlates of Smoking Cessation Behaviors Among Smokers With Serious Mental Illness.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- The Intensity of Adolescent Substance Use Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Investigation of the correlation between urinary aromatic amines and the risk of depression through an examination of the NHANES data from 2013 to 2014.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- "Everybody's problem but nobody's problem": Qualitative study on integrating smoking cessation and mental health services in Singapore.PloS one · 2025Article
- Examining temporal trends in psychological distress and the co-occurrence of common substance use in a population-based sample of grade 7-12 students from 2013 to 2019.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Perceptions of a reduced nicotine policy and predictors of policy support: A nationally representative U.S. survey.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Psychache status and associated contributing factors among the Hakka elderly in Fujian, China.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- The association of current exclusive e-cigarette use and dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes with psychological distress among U.S. adults.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Patterns and Characteristics of Nicotine Dependence Among Adults With Cigarette Use in the US, 2006-2019.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- A cross-sectional investigation of softening indicators among South African smokers: Results from the South African Social Attitudes Survey between 2007 and 2018.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Hispanics/Latinos' Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: Behavioral and Self-rated Health.American journal of health behavior · 2021Article
- Cigarette Use, E-Cigarette Use, and Dual Product Use Are Higher Among Adults With Serious Psychological Distress in the United States: 2014-2017.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Mental health, smoking, harm reduction and quit attempts - a population survey in England.BMC public health · 2020Article
- The Association of Low Income and High Stress with Acute Care Use in COPD Patients.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2020Article
- Health behaviors and psychological distress: changing associations between 1997 and 2016 in the United States.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2020Article
- Psychiatric comorbidities in a comparative effectiveness smoking cessation trial: Relations with cessation success, treatment response, and relapse risk factors.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Cigarette Smoking Quit Rates Among Persons With Serious Psychological Distress in the United States From 2008 to 2016: Are Mental Health Disparities in Cigarette Use Increasing?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Cigarette smoking among those with mental disorders in the US population: 2012-2013 update.Tobacco control · 2020Article
- Uneven Access to Smoke-Free Laws and Policies and Its Effect on Health Equity in the United States: 2000-2019.American journal of public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIt has been argued that as smoking prevalence declines, the remaining smokers represent a "hard core" who are unwilling or unable to quit, a process known as hardening. However, as recently shown, the general smoking population is softening not hardening (i.e., as prevalence falls, more quit attempts and lower consumption among continuing smokers). People with psychological distress smoke more, so they may represent hard-core smokers.
methodsUsing cross-sectional time series analysis, in 2016-2017 changes in quit attempts and cigarette consumption were evaluated over 19 years among smokers with serious psychological distress (Kessler-6 score ≥13) based on the National Health Interview Survey (1997-2015), controlling for sociodemographic variables.
resultsPeople with psychological distress had higher smoking prevalence and consumed more cigarettes/day than people without distress. The percentage of those with at least one quit attempt was higher among those with psychological distress. The increase in quit attempts over time was similar among smokers in each of the distress levels. For every 10 years, the OR of a quit attempt increased by a factor of 1.13 (95% CI=1.02, 1.24, p<0.05). Consumption declined by 3.35 (95% CI= -3.94, -2.75, p<0.01) cigarettes/day for those with serious psychological distress.
conclusionsAlthough smoking more heavily than the general population, smokers with psychological distress, like the general population, are softening over time. To improve health outcomes and increase health equity, tobacco control policies should continue moving all subgroups of smokers down these softening curves, while simultaneously incorporating appropriately tailored quitting help into mental health settings.
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