ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2017
Modeling the environmental suitability of anthrax in Ghana and estimating populations at risk: Implications for vaccination and control.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys.Preventive veterinary medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal epidemiology of livestock anthrax in Kazakhstan and analysis of potential contributing factors from 2015 to 2024.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Modeling the impact of anthrax vaccination on buffalo outbreak dynamics in northern Vietnam.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Awareness of anthrax disease and the knowledge of its transmission and symtoms identification: A cross sectional study among butchers in ile-ife.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- A Call To Reinforce One Health Preparedness in Response To the Global Re-emergence of Anthrax.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- The two costs of neglect: evaluating the health and economic impacts of anthrax in an endemic area of rural Africa.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Spatial-Temporal and Risk Factor Insights for Optimizing Livestock Anthrax Vaccination Strategies in Karnataka, India.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Bluetongue Risk Map for Vaccination and Surveillance Strategies in India.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- One health approach to mitigate anthrax in Ghana.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Approaches for disease prioritization and decision-making in animal health, 2000-2021: a structured scoping review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Drivers and potential distribution of anthrax occurrence and incidence at national and sub-county levels across Kenya from 2006 to 2020 using INLA.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The potential distribution of Bacillus anthracis suitability across Uganda using INLA.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Spatiotemporal Patterns of Anthrax, Vietnam, 1990-2015.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Modelling the ecological niche of naturally occurring anthrax at global and circumpolar extents using an ensemble modelling framework.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- Seasonality and Ecological Suitability Modelling for Anthrax (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- An Estimate of Global Anthrax Prevalence in Livestock: A Meta-analysis.Veterinary world · 2021Article
- Modeling the Potential Future Distribution of Anthrax Outbreaks under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios for Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- High Case-Fatality Rate for Human Anthrax, Northern Ghana, 2005-2016.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Modeling the spatial distribution of anthrax in southern Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- TaqMan Assays for Simultaneous Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anthrax is hyper-endemic in West Africa. Despite the effectiveness of livestock vaccines in controlling anthrax, underreporting, logistics, and limited resources makes implementing vaccination campaigns difficult. To better understand the geographic limits of anthrax, elucidate environmental factors related to its occurrence, and identify human and livestock populations at risk, we developed predictive models of the environmental suitability of anthrax in Ghana. We obtained data on the location and date of livestock anthrax from veterinary and outbreak response records in Ghana during 2005-2016, as well as livestock vaccination registers and population estimates of characteristically high-risk groups. To predict the environmental suitability of anthrax, we used an ensemble of random forest (RF) models built using a combination of climatic and environmental factors. From 2005 through the first six months of 2016, there were 67 anthrax outbreaks (851 cases) in livestock; outbreaks showed a seasonal peak during February through April and primarily involved cattle. There was a median of 19,709 vaccine doses [range: 0-175 thousand] administered annually. Results from the RF model suggest a marked ecological divide separating the broad areas of environmental suitability in northern Ghana from the southern part of the country. Increasing alkaline soil pH was associated with a higher probability of anthrax occurrence. We estimated 2.2 (95% CI: 2.0, 2.5) million livestock and 805 (95% CI: 519, 890) thousand low income rural livestock keepers were located in anthrax risk areas. Based on our estimates, the current anthrax vaccination efforts in Ghana cover a fraction of the livestock potentially at risk, thus control efforts should be focused on improving vaccine coverage among high risk groups.
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