ArticleEnvironmental health and toxicology2017
Causal inference in environmental epidemiology.
Article in Environmental health and toxicology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Toxoplasma gondii infection and behavioral outcomes in humans: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2018Pooled it
- The Direct Effects of Air Pollutant Exposure from Industrial Complexes on Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Local Residents: A Population-Based Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Causal Criteria in Medical and Biological Disciplines: History, Essence, and Radiation Aspects. Report 4, Part 1: The Post-Hill Criteria and Ecolgoical Criteria.Biology bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences · 2022Article
- Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2021Article
- Psychological impacts of "screen time" and "green time" for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review.PloS one · 2020Article
- Evaluation of the Exposure to Environmental Pollutants Emanating from National Industrial Complexes.Environmental health and toxicology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inferring causality is necessary to achieve the goal of epidemiology, which is to elucidate the cause of disease. Causal inference is conducted in three steps: evaluation of validity of the study, inference of general causality, and inference of individual causality. To evaluate validity of the study, we propose a checklist that focuses on biases and generalizability. For general causal inference, we recommend utilizing Hill's 9 viewpoints. Lastly, individual causality can be inferred based on the general causality and evidence of exposure. Additional considerations may be needed for social or legal purposes; however, these additional considerations should be based on the scientific truth elucidated by the causal inference described in the present article.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.