Observational studyInternational journal of epidemiology2017
Heavier smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomization analysis.
Observational study in International journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenome-wide association meta-analysis of DNA methylation with coffee and tea consumption.Nature communications · 2021Pooled it
- Plasma metabolite profiles associated with the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research lifestyle score and future risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Trial
- Metabolomic profiling reveals distinct and shared biology in COPD and IPF.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Habitual coffee consumption poorly correlates with sleep quality and daytime sleepiness: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Association between caffeine intake and fat free mass index: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Coffee intake is associated with telomere length in severe mental disorders.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- Assessment of the prevalence, knowledge, and perceptions of e-cigarette use among the Palestinian community: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A phenome-wide association study of genetically determined nicotine metabolism reveals novel links with health-related outcomes.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- High coffee consumption may increase aortic diameter and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in smokers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dietary Intake Mendelian Randomization: Assessment and Development of Methods for Instrument Selection and Robust Inference.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Global Trends and Emerging Frontiers in Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Research: A Bibliometric Analysis over the Past Decade.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Is it about substituting an addiction with another? development and initial psychometric properties of the first heated tobacco products addiction questionnaire (HeaTPAQ).Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Article
- The development and validation of Coffee Use Disorder and Coffee Addiction Scale (CUDCAS) and its correlation with insomnia and anxiety symptoms.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Coffee and Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Literature.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Genome-wide association studies of coffee intake in UK/US participants of European ancestry uncover cohort-specific genetic associations.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- The Effects of Caffeine on Blood Platelets and the Cardiovascular System through Adenosine Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Impact of tobacco spending on intrahousehold resource allocation in Montenegro.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Predictive Factors for Successful Smoking Cessation in Tunisian Smokers, Sousse-Tunisia: 2015-2020.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Article
- Plasma metabolites of a healthy lifestyle in relation to mortality and longevity: Four prospective US cohort studies.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: There is evidence for a positive relationship between cigarette and coffee consumption in smokers. Cigarette smoke increases metabolism of caffeine, so this may represent a causal effect of smoking on caffeine intake. Methods: We performed Mendelian randomization analyses in the UK Biobank (N = 114 029), the Norwegian HUNT study (N = 56 664) and the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) (N = 78 650). We used the rs16969968 genetic variant as a proxy for smoking heaviness in all studies and rs4410790 and rs2472297 as proxies for coffee consumption in UK Biobank and CGPS. Analyses were conducted using linear regression and meta-analysed across studies. Results: Each additional cigarette per day consumed by current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.10 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.17). There was weak evidence for an increase in tea consumption per additional cigarette smoked per day (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: -0.002, 0.07). There was strong evidence that each additional copy of the minor allele of rs16969968 (which increases daily cigarette consumption) in current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.16 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.20), but only weak evidence for an association with tea consumption (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.09). There was no clear evidence that rs16969968 was associated with coffee or tea consumption in never or former smokers or that the coffee-related variants were associated with cigarette consumption. Conclusions: Higher cigarette consumption causally increases coffee intake. This is consistent with faster metabolism of caffeine by smokers, but could also reflect a behavioural effect of smoking on coffee drinking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.