ArticleNature2017
Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues.
Article in Nature, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 672 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
672 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-biased Gene Expression Underlies Immune Dysfunction in Asthma.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex Differences and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Modulating the degree of X-inactivation escape to establish causal links to sex-biased disease.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2026Article
- Epigenetic dynamics of human spermatogenesis and their dysregulation in non-obstructive azoospermia.Protein & cell · 2026Article
- The Association Between ABO Blood Groups and Neonatal Clinical Outcomes Among Infants Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, During 2023-2024: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Redesigning cardiovascular medicine around sex differences.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- A continuum-based reaction-diffusion model for spread of gene silencing in chromosomal inactivation.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Chromosome X-wide association study in multiple system atrophy identifies sex-differential risk loci.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Oestrogen modulates stress-induced vagally-dependent gastric responses to oxytocin.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals subtle fluctuations of oocyte cryopreservation on mouse early embryo development.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Surface chemistry governs sex-dependent responses to PEG and zwitterionic siRNA nanocarriers in primary macrophages.Science advances · 2026Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Single-cell multiomics connects 3D genome and transcriptome alterations in Alzheimer's disease.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- X-linked SEPTIN6-related congenital neutropenia and B cell deficiency.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Review
- Age-related erosion of X chromosome inactivation in human tissues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Female mice with a Xist deletion in B cells can develop lupus-associated phenotypes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Sex differences and alcohol modulation in the heritability of MASLD: a twin study of the 2023 definition.Human genetics · 2026Article
612 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
37 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, incomplete in humans: up to one-third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of 'escape' from inactivation varying between genes and individuals. The extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized, as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression and phenotypic traits. Here we describe a systematic survey of XCI, integrating over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues from GTEx (v6p release) and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, combined with genomic sequence data. We show that XCI at 683 X-chromosomal genes is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven genes that escape XCI with support from multiple lines of evidence and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, establishing incomplete XCI as a mechanism that is likely to introduce phenotypic diversity. Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues helps to increase our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.