ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2018
Antibiotic Expenditures by Medication, Class, and Healthcare Setting in the United States, 2010-2015.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Respiratory Fluoroquinolones Monotherapy vs. β-Lactams With or Without Macrolides for Hospitalized Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- Probiotic intervention not beneficial to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in absence of antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Improving Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic prescribing: normative comparison using unblinded provider reports.BMJ open quality · 2019Trial
- Using learner verification and transcreation to develop multicultural patient education materials for acute respiratory tract infections to decrease inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.PEC innovation · 2025Article
- Clinicians' Reasons for Non-Visit-Based, No-Infectious-Diagnosis-Documented Antibiotic Prescribing: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Implementing with intention: advantages, challenges, and tactics to optimally utilize the AXR metric.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- An outpatient antimicrobial stewardship needs assessment.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- Trends in carbapenem antibiotics utilization, costs, and market dynamics in Medicaid: a retrospective analysis from 1991 to 2023.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Patient-related factors impact the implementation of inpatient antibiotic allergy delabeling.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2024Article
- Barriers and facilitators to guideline concordant dental antibiotic prescribing in the United States: A qualitative study of the National Dental PBRN.Journal of public health dentistry · 2024Article
- Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Respiratory Tract Illnesses Following the Conclusion of an Education and Feedback Intervention in Primary Care.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Leveraging Health Systems to Expand and Enhance Antibiotic Stewardship in Outpatient Settings.Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety · 2024Article
- Article
- Evaluation of healthcare professionals' understanding of fluoroquinolones' safety profile, usage, and boxed warnings in Pakistan.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2023Article
- Implementation and outcomes of a clinician-directed intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections within the Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Review
- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: Comparisons of Epidemiology, Testing, and Treatment from 2013 to 2019.The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Use of nares swab to de-escalate vancomycin for patients with suspected methicillin-resistantAntimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- Impact of a monthly antimicrobial stewardship quality assurance tool for elevated vancomycin levels.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- Factors Influencing the Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Primary Care: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Improving antibiotic use has the potential to decrease healthcare costs by reducing the incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections, antibiotic-associated adverse events, and expenditures due to unnecessary prescriptions. Antibiotic expenditures in 2009 totaled $10.7 billion in the United States. Since then, national and local antibiotic stewardship initiatives have grown. The purpose of this study was to assess trends in antibiotic expenditures by healthcare setting in the United States between 2010 and 2015. Methods: Systemic (nontopical) antibiotic expenditures from January 2010 to December 2015 were extracted from the QuintilesIMS National Sales Perspectives database. These data represent a statistically valid projection of US medication purchases. Regression analyses evaluated trends in expenditures over the study period. Results: Antibiotic expenditures totaled $56.0 billion over the 6-year period; the majority (59.1%) of expenditures were associated with the outpatient setting. Overall antibiotic expenditures in 2015 ($8.8 billion) were 16.6% lower than in 2010 ($10.6 billion). Antibiotic expenditures similarly decreased in the community by 25.5% (P = .05), but outpatient clinics and mail service pharmacy expenditures experienced significant growth (148% and 67% increase, respectively; P < .01 for both). In 2015, 16.5% of antibiotic expenditures in the community were for parenteral formulations, an increase of 25%. Conclusions: From 2010 to 2015, antibiotic expenditures decreased. The majority of antibiotic expenditures were in the outpatient setting, specifically community pharmacies. Expenditures for intravenous agents in the community are increasing and may represent increased use. These results reinforce the importance of antibiotic stewardship efforts across the spectrum of healthcare.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.