ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2018
Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Early Natural Menopause.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-Specific Risk of Smoking for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Exploration of Potential Mechanism: Meta-Analysis and Prospective Cohort Study.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Incidence and factors associated with premature ovarian insufficiency: a population-based cohort study.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- The association of adolescent to midlife weight change with age at natural menopause: a population study of 263 586 women in Norway.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Early menopause, hysterectomy, and biological aging: Health and Retirement Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- CHRNA5-A3-B4, CYP2A6, and DBH Genetic Associations With Smoking Cessation Throughout Adulthood Within Two Longitudinal Studies of Women.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- The Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study: Protocol for a Longitudinal Occupational Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Age at menopause and multimorbidity in postmenopausal women.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2025Article
- Association of early menopause with indoor air pollution: A multilevel modelling analysis of the nationally representative cross-sectional study in India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Development and External Validation of a Home-based Risk Prediction Model of Natural Onset of Menopause-Teuta.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Impact of Real-life Environmental Exposures on Reproduction: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, reproductive aging, and menopause.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- Bone Loss and Fractures in Post-Menopausal Women Living with HIV: A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Risk Factors for Infertility in Korean Women.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Micronutrients intake and genetic variants associated with premature ovarian insufficiency; MASHAD cohort study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the relationship between types of menopause and cognitive function.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Genetic risk stratification and risk factors of early menopause in women: a multi-center study utilizing polygenic risk scores.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- National and regional economic inequalities in first- and second-hand tobacco consumption among women of reproductive ages in Iran.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Bone Mineral Density and Trabecular Bone Score Changes throughout Menopause in Women with HIV.Viruses · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Menopause before 45 years of age affects roughly 5%-10% of women and is associated with a higher risk of adverse health conditions. Although smoking may increase the risk of early menopause, evidence is inconsistent, and data regarding smoking amount, duration, cessation, associated risks, and patterns over time are scant. We analyzed data of 116,429 nurses from the Nurses' Health Study II from 1989 through 2011 and used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for confounders. Compared with never-smokers, current smokers (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71, 2.11) and former smokers (HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) showed an increased risk of early menopause. Increased risks were observed among women who reported current smoking for 11-15 pack-years (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.18), 16-20 pack-years (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.14), and more than 20 pack-years (HR = 2.42, 95% CI: 2.11, 2.77). Elevated risk was observed in former smokers who reported 11-15 pack-years (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.55), 16-20 pack-years (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.79), or more than 20 pack-years (HR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.93). Women who smoked 10 or fewer cigarettes/day but quit by age 25 had comparable risk to never-smokers (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.17). A dose-response relationship between smoking and early natural menopause risk, as well as reduced risk among quitters, may provide insights into the mechanisms of cigarette smoking in reproductive health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.