Observational studyClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2018
The Effect of Female Sex on Hepatitis C Incidence Among People Who Inject Drugs: Results From the International Multicohort InC3 Collaborative.
Observational study in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Global Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs-Do Gender-Based Differences Vary by Country-Level Indicators?The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Randomized Trial of a Vaccine Regimen to Prevent Chronic HCV Infection.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Optimal provision of opiate substitution therapy and needle and syringe programmes: a multi-method realist evaluation.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in treatment outcomes of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Gender disparities in hepatitis C treatment: A call for tailored approaches.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality risk among men and women with hepatitis C virus infection.PloS one · 2024Article
- Participants of a mail delivery syringe services program are underserved by other safe sources for sterile injection supplies.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- Sex difference in the associations among risk factors with hepatitis B and C infections in a large Taiwanese population study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Observational
- Women in the 2019 hepatitis C cascade of care: findings from the British Columbia Hepatitis Testers cohort study.BMC women's health · 2021Article
- Care Facilitation Advances Movement Along the Hepatitis C Care Continuum for Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C, and Substance Use: A Randomized Clinical Trial (CTN-0064).Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Misclassification Error-Adjusted Prevalence of Injection Drug Use Among Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations in the United States: A Serial Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2007-2016 National Inpatient Sample.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Sex differences in the multilevel determinants of injection risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Drug and alcohol review · 2020Observational
- Women and barriers to harm reduction services: a literature review and initial findings from a qualitative study in Barcelona, Spain.Harm reduction journal · 2020Review
- Hepatitis C Virus Incidence in a Cohort in Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in New York City.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Observational
- Envelope-Specific IgG3 and IgG1 Responses Are Associated with Clearance of Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection.Viruses · 2020Article
- Sex Discrepancies in the Protective Effect of Opioid Agonist Therapy on Incident Hepatitis C Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Sociodemographic risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in a prospective cohort study of 257 persons in Canada who inject drugs.Canadian liver journal · 2020Article
- Clearance of hepatitis C virus is associated with early and potent but narrowly-directed, Envelope-specific antibodies.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Testing for Hepatitis C in Pregnancy: the Time has Come for Routine Rather than Risk-based.Current hepatology reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to assess differences in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence by sex in people who inject drugs (PWID), using a large international multicohort set of pooled biological and behavioral data from prospective observational studies of incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV infections in high-risk cohorts (the InC3 Collaborative). Methods: HCV infection date was estimated based on a hierarchy of successive serological (anti-HCV), virological (HCV RNA), and clinical (symptoms and/or liver function tests) data. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to calculate the crude and adjusted female to male (F:M) hazard ratio (HR) for HCV incidence using biological sex as the main exposure. Results: A total of 1868 PWID were observed over 3994 person-years of observation (PYO). Unadjusted F:M HR was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.65) and remained significant after adjusting for behavioral and demographic risk factors (1.39 [95% CI, 1.12-1.72]). Although syringe and equipment sharing were associated with the highest HCV incidence rate in women (41.62 and 36.83 PYO, respectively), we found no sex differences attributed to these risk factors. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that women who inject drugs may be at greater risk of HCV acquisition than men, independent of demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. Multiple factors, including biological (hormonal), social network, and differential access to prevention services, may contribute to increased HCV susceptibility in women who inject drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.