SynthesisEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2018
Incontinence in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.
Synthesis in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adverse outcomes for autistic people: an umbrella review of mental health, physical health, social and lifestyle domains.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial shows that intranasal vasopressin improves social deficits in children with autism.Science translational medicine · 2019Trial
- Before the Potty Party: Preparing Practitioners for Toilet Training.Behavior analysis in practice · 2026Review
- Psychological and Psychiatric Issues in Functional Constipation, Fecal Incontinence and Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction-A Revised and Updated Document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS).Neurourology and urodynamics · 2026Review
- Genetic and biological mechanisms of pediatric enuresis: integrating pathophysiology, GWAS associations, and multi-omics research.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
- Associations of Autistic Traits and Autism with Incontinence and Constipation in a UK Birth Cohort.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Hedgehog pathway disruption alters urothelial differentiation and continence mechanisms in the female mouse lower urinary tract.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Article
- Adolescent Urethral Prolapse Complicated by Suspected Secondary Infection in a Girl With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2026Article
- Early Neurodevelopmental Milestones in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective Observational Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Functional Magnetic Stimulation in the Management of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Children with Asperger Syndrome: A Case Report.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Article
- Case report: Case series of urinary retention in young adults with severe autism hospitalized for behavioral crisis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Parental perception of nocturnal enuresis in a local region of Saudi Arabia.Journal of medicine and life · 2024Article
- National Survey on bladder and bowel dysfunctions in Autism Spectrum Disorder population.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Increased rates of chronic physical health conditions across all organ systems in autistic adolescents and adults.Molecular autism · 2023Article
- A Telehealth Delivered Toilet Training Intervention for Children with Autism.OTJR : occupation, participation and health · 2023Article
- Urological Aspects of Spinal Dysraphism.Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · 2023Article
- Classroom Based Intensive Toilet Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Article
- New insights in treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2021Article
- Relative Frequency of Psychiatric, Neurodevelopmental, and Somatic Symptoms as Reported by Mothers of Children with Autism Compared with ADHD and Typical Samples.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are defined by persistent deficits in reciprocal social interaction, communication, and language, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behavior. Functional incontinence, as well as ASD are common disorders in childhood. The aim of this systematic review was to give an overview of the co-occurrence of nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), and fecal incontinence (FI) in ASD, and vice versa, of ASD in children with incontinence. A systematic literature search of the terms "incontinence", "enuresis", and "encopresis" in combination with "autism" or "Asperger" in four databases (Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of science) was conducted. All studies that examined incontinence frequencies in samples with ASD, and studies that measured frequencies of ASD diagnoses or symptoms in samples with incontinence were included. Risk of bias and limitations of each study were described. After eligibility assessment, 33 publications were included in the review. The published literature implies a higher prevalence of incontinence in children with ASD compared to typically developing children. Limitations and biases as inappropriate diagnostic criteria for ASD and incontinence, selected samples, or lack of control groups are reported. Associations of incontinence in ASD with psychopathological symptoms were found. Vice versa, ASD symptoms are found in incontinent children, but no study included a non-ASD control sample. Incontinence symptoms are also reported as an adverse effect of medication in ASD. Due to methodological problems and definitional discrepancies in some publications, results have to be interpreted cautiously. Research in ASD and incontinence is scarce. More systematic research including state-of-the-art assessments is needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.