ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2017
Cesarean Section, Formula Feeding, and Infant Antibiotic Exposure: Separate and Combined Impacts on Gut Microbial Changes in Later Infancy.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neonatal Diet and Gut Microbiome Development After C-Section During the First Three Months After Birth: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations.Nature communications · 2018Pooled it
- Gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in adults with Silver-Russell syndrome: a cross-sectional study.Archives of disease in childhood · 2026Article
- Seeding the Future: How Feeding Mode Shapes the Infant Gut Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Gut-microbiota-mediated host immune modulation: mechanisms, pathological dysbiosis, and therapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Seeding and feeding: nutrition and birth-associated exposures shape gut microbiome assembly in breastfed infants.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Neonatal and Birth Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Prediction Using an Artificial Neural Network.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Secretory IgA modifies the association between early-life gut microbiota trajectories and childhood nonatopic wheeze.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- The early-life gut microbiome in common pediatric diseases: roles and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder in Southern Europe: a systematic review.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Review
- The overlooked role of microbiota-gut-brain communication in child psychiatry: a call for integration in early intervention strategies.Communicative & integrative biology · 2025Article
- The metagenomic and metabolomic profile of the gut microbes in Chinese full-term and late preterm infants treated with Clostridium butyricum.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Defining the Relationship of Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Cognition in Early Life-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Transfer of antibiotics and their metabolites in human milk: Implications for infant health and microbiota.Pharmacotherapy · 2023Review
- The Role of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Biofilms on Late-Onset Sepsis: Current Challenges and Emerging Diagnostics and Therapies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Early life adverse exposures in irritable bowel syndrome: new insights and opportunities.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Factors affecting the early establishment of neonatal intestinal flora and its intervention measures.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Role of human milk oligosaccharide metabolizing bacteria in the development of atopic dermatitis/eczema.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Feeding mode influences dynamic gut microbiota signatures and affects susceptibility to anti-CD3 mAb-induced intestinal injury in neonatal mice.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2022Article
- Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Pathologies in Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Established during infancy, our complex gut microbial community is shaped by medical interventions and societal preferences, such as cesarean section, formula feeding, and antibiotic use. We undertook this study to apply the significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) method to quantify changes in gut microbial composition during later infancy following the most common birth and postnatal exposures affecting infant gut microbial composition. Gut microbiota of 166 full-term infants in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development birth cohort were profiled using 16S high-throughput gene sequencing. Infants were placed into groups according to mutually exclusive combinations of birth mode (vaginal/cesarean birth), breastfeeding status (yes/no), and antibiotic use (yes/no) by 3 months of age. Based on repeated permutations of data and adjustment for the false discovery rate, the SAM statistic identified statistically significant changes in gut microbial abundance between 3 months and 1 year of age within each infant group. We observed well-known patterns of microbial phyla succession in later infancy (declining Proteobacteria; increasing Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) following vaginal birth, breastfeeding, and no antibiotic exposure. Genus
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.