ReviewTaiwan journal of ophthalmology
Immunosuppressive therapy for eye diseases: Effectiveness, safety, side effects and their prevention.
Review in Taiwan journal of ophthalmology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral Antioxidant Provides Adjunctive Therapeutic Benefits Alongside Dexamethasone in a Rat Model of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Natural Products Targeting Immune Mechanisms in Ocular Inflammation: Uveitis and Dry Eye.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Challenges and advances in ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (OMMP); from pathogenesis to treatment strategies.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Review
- Medication Refill Adherence in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Eye Disease.Ocular immunology and inflammation · 2025Article
- Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves' ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Foveal Avascular Zone Area in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Role of topical and systemic immunosuppression in aqueous-deficient dry eye disease.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Effects of Topical Application ofFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- The assessment of the concentration of candidate cytokines in response to conjunctival-exposure of atmospheric low-temperature plasma in an animal model.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Epigenetic alterations associated with dexamethasone sodium phosphate through DNMT and TET in RPE cells.Molecular vision · 2021Article
- Tacrolimus for Treating Orbital and Cranial Form of Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumors.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2020Article
- Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis: Pharmacotherapy for the Elderly.Drugs & aging · 2019Article
- The Protective Effect ofNutrients · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ocular inflammation is a significant cause of ocular morbidity and visual impairment. Topical, periocular, intraocular, and systemic corticosteroids are highly effective for treating appropriate forms of ocular inflammation. However, their use may be constrained by local and/or systemic side effects, especially if long-term therapy is required. As a result, immunosuppressive agents increasingly have been used to manage ocular inflammation alongside or in place of corticosteroids. The four categories of agents used today are antimetabolites [primarily methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and azathioprine]; T-cell inhibitors (usually cyclosporine, less often tacrolimus or sirolimus); alkylating agents (cyclophos-phamide and chlorambucil); and biologic agents [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, lymphocyte inhibitors, and interleukin inhibitors]. The primary goals of immunosuppressive therapy are (1) to control inflammation when corticosteroids fail to do so; (2) to prevent corticosteroid-induced toxicity when the necessary corticosteroid dosage exceeds the desired or safe level (corticosteroid sparing); and (3) to treat specific high-risk uveitis syndromes known to respond poorly to corticosteroids alone. Growing evidence shows the effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs in achieving these goals, as well as improved visual function, prevention of ocular complications, and in some cases even disease remission. However, these agents also have side effects, which must be considered in each patient's management. In this report, we summarize the effectiveness and safety of immunosuppressive drug therapy utilized in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.