Trial reportJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2018
Incidence of Tuberculosis Among HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Treatment at Higher CD4 Counts in the HPTN 071 (PopART) Trial in South Africa.
Trial report in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01900977 (Population Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Population Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission (PopART): A Cluster-randomized Trial of the Impact of a Combination Prevention Package on Population-level HIV Incidence in Zambia and South Africa
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- The incidence rate of tuberculosis and its associated factors among HIV-positive persons in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Prevalence and Mortality due toOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Restoring TB-specific Immunity in Early HIV Infection-the Dual Promise of Early Antiretroviral and TB Preventive Treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: Progress and challenges towards reducing incidence and mortality.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2025Review
- Clinically diagnosed tuberculosis and mortality in high burden settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis at a rural HIV clinic in Uganda, 2012-2019; A retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A retrospective study of tuberculosis prevalence and associated factors among HIV-positive key populations in Nigeria.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- The impact of a combined TB/HIV intervention on the incidence of TB infection among adolescents and young adults in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial communities in Zambia and South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Developing tuberculosis vaccines for people with HIV: consensus statements from an international expert panel.The lancet. HIV · 2022Review
- Genetic and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex-specific immune responses in tuberculosis.Trends in immunology · 2022Review
- Incidence of active tuberculosis among people living with HIV receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy in high TB/HIV burden settings in Thailand: implication for tuberculosis preventive therapy.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- Alarming Tuberculosis Rate Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis after successful treatment in a high burden setting: a cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- High incidence of tuberculosis in the first year of antiretroviral therapy in the Botswana National antiretroviral therapy programme between 2011 and 2015.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Incidence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults on first- and second-line antiretroviral therapy in India.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Incidence of tuberculosis among HIV infected individuals on long term antiretroviral therapy in private healthcare sector in Pune, Western India.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Advances in the understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in HIV-endemic settings.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2019Review
- Incidence Rates for Tuberculosis Among HIV Infected Patients in Northern Tanzania.Frontiers in public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 10 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAntiretroviral treatment (ART) guidelines recommend life-long ART for all HIV-positive individuals. This study evaluated tuberculosis (TB) incidence on ART in a cohort of HIV-positive individuals starting ART regardless of CD4 count in a programmatic setting at 3 clinics included in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in South Africa.
methodsA retrospective cohort analysis of HIV-positive individuals aged ≥18 years starting ART, between January 2014 and November 2015, was conducted. Follow-up was continued until 30 May 2016 or censored on the date of (1) incident TB, (2) loss to follow-up from HIV care or death, or (3) elective transfer out; whichever occurred first.
resultsThe study included 2423 individuals. Median baseline CD4 count was 328 cells/μL (interquartile range 195-468); TB incidence rate was 4.41/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.62 to 5.39). The adjusted hazard ratio of incident TB was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.62) when comparing individuals with baseline CD4 >500 and ≤500 cells/μL. Among individuals with baseline CD4 count >500 cells/μL, there were no incident TB cases in the first 3 months of follow-up. Adjusted hazard of incident TB was also higher among men (adjusted hazard ratio 2.16; 95% CI: 1.41 to 3.30).
conclusionsTB incidence after ART initiation was significantly lower among individuals starting ART at CD4 counts above 500 cells/μL. Scale-up of ART, regardless of CD4 count, has the potential to significantly reduce TB incidence among HIV-positive individuals. However, this needs to be combined with strengthening of other TB prevention strategies that target both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.