ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2017
Prevalence, intensity and risk factors of tungiasis in Kilifi County, Kenya: I. Results from a community-based study.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07506967 (Early Detection and Management of SKIN-related negleCted Tropical Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence in Sub-saharan afRica), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Early Detection and Management of SKIN-related negleCted Tropical Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence in Sub-saharan afRica (SkincAIr)
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and risk factors for tungiasis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Epidemiology of tungiasis in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pathogens and global health · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy of a mixture of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) and coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) for topical treatment of tungiasis. A randomized controlled, proof-of-principle study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Trial
- Estimation of the global burden of tungiasis in endemic countries using a disability adjusted life-years modelling approach.BMC global and public health · 2026Article
- Visual cues attract adult Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera: Tungidae).Journal of medical entomology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of dimeticone oils versus sodium carbonate solution in the treatment of tungiasis in Kenya: a non-inferiority randomised trial.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Prevalence, spatial and temporal distribution of tungiasis in the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) in Kenya.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Individual and household factors associated with tungiasis in a marginalized population in Karamoja, northeastern Uganda.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Integrated action for skin NTDs: Deconstructing transmission, addressing knowledge gaps, and championing one health strategies.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Beyond poverty, tungiasis is associated with family characteristics and parenting behavior: a case control study in Kenya.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Assessing the impact of tungiasis on children's quality of life in Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Reduction of tungiasis prevalence, intensity, and morbidity during a two-year long community-based tungiasis control project in a hyperendemic region in Karamoja, Uganda.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Tunga penetrans infections and severity of associated morbidity among pigs during the dry season in rural Uganda.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Identification of tungiasis infection hotspots with a low-cost, high-throughput method for extracting Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera) off-host stages from soil samples-An observational study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Observational
- Developing low-cost house floors to control tungiasis in Kenya - a feasibility study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Tungiasis: Participation of Cats and Chickens in the Dispersion and Maintenance of the Disease in an Endemic Tourist Area in Brazil.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- National prevalence and risk factors for tungiasis in Kenya.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- High Level of Knowledge about Tungiasis but Little Translation into Control Practices in Karamoja, Northeastern Uganda.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTungiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by female sand fleas (Tunga penetrans) embedded in the skin. The disease is associated with important morbidity. Tungiasis is endemic along the Coast of Kenya with a prevalence ranging from 11% to 50% in school-age children. Hitherto, studies on epidemiological characteristics of tungiasis in Africa are scanty.
methodsIn a cross-sectional study 1,086 individuals from 233 households in eight villages located in Kakuyuni and Malanga Sub-locations, Kilifi County, on the Kenyan Coast, were investigated. Study participants were examined systematically and the presence and severity of tungiasis were determined using standard methods. Demographic, socio-economic, environmental and behavioral risk factors of tungiasis were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate regression analysis.
resultsThe overall prevalence of tungiasis was 25.0% (95% CI 22.4-27.5%). Age-specific prevalence followed an S-shaped curve, peaking in the under-15 year old group. In 42.5% of the households at least one individual had tungiasis. 15.1% of patients were severely infected (≥ 30 lesions). In the bivariate analysis no specific animal species was identified as a risk factor for tungiasis. Multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of tungiasis was related to living in a house with poor construction characteristics, such as mud walls (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.71-6.58), sleeping directly on the floor (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.03-2.74), the number of people per sleeping room (OR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.07-2.93) and washing the body without soap (OR = 7.36; 95% CI 3.08-17.62). The odds of having severe tungiasis were high in males (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.18-44.6) and were very high when only mud puddles were available as a water source and lack of water permitted washing only once a day (OR 25.48 (95% CI 3.50-185.67) and OR 2.23 (95% CI 1.11-4.51), respectively).
conclusionsThe results of this study show that in rural Kenya characteristics of poverty determine the occurrence and the severity of tungiasis. Intra-domiciliary transmission seems to occur regularly.
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