ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2018
Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 346 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
346 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 567 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cure of chronic hepatitis C virus infection after DAA treatment only partially restores the functional capacity of exhausted T cell subsets: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and prognosis in patients with solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comprehensive adjusted outcome data are needed to assess the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Single-cell meta-analyses reveal responses of tumor-reactive CXCL13Nature cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Laser interstitial thermal therapy and adjuvant pembrolizumab in recurrent high-grade astrocytoma: a Phase 1/randomized Phase 2b trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis: from immunological mechanisms to translational applications.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Convergent evolution of immune evasion in ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- Molecular Architecture and Clinical Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Natural killer cells against viral infection: from basic biology to immunotherapy.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Metabolically engineered probiotic OMVs as nanovaccine mediating sequential immunomodulation for chronic bone infection immunotherapy.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Emerging evidence for anti-PD-1 and IFN-γ as adjunctive immunotherapy in invasive mold infections.mBio · 2026Article
- The LEF1-LAG3 axis regulates CD4Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Intestinal T cells in aging: implications for gut barrier integrity and inflammaging.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint landscape in CD4⁺ T cells stratifies HIV-infected individuals by clinical progression.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- Selective depletion of virus-specific CD8 T cells from the liver after PD-1 therapy with Fc-intact antibody during chronic infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 (IRF2) Suppression Enhances Murine Cardiac Allograft Survival Through Immune Evasion.Immunology · 2026Article
- Integrative Multiomic Classification Reveals Distinct Origins and Evolutionary Trajectories of Thymic Epithelial Tumors.Cancer research · 2026Article
- CARD9-dependent macrophage plasticity regulates effective fungal clearance.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
286 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute infections, such as malaria, as well as during chronic persistent viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis B virus. These pathways are important for preventing immune-driven pathology but can also limit immune-mediated clearance of the infection. The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy suggests that targeting these pathways would also be effective for preventing and treating a range of infectious diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of immune checkpoint pathways in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and discuss the potential for therapeutically targeting these pathways in this setting.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.