Trial reportJournal of neuro-oncology2018
Randomized phase II trial comparing axitinib with the combination of axitinib and lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
Trial report in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Receptor tyrosine kinase targeted therapies in glioblastoma: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Identifying the best treatment choice for relapsing/refractory glioblastoma: a systematic review with multiple Bayesian network meta-analyses.The oncologist · 2025Pooled it
- The safety and efficacy of VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for patients with gliomas: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and a specific analysis on glioblastoma.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for recurrent high-grade glioma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines update on the role of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in the management of progressive glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma: a network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Anlotinib alone or in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma: a prospective single-arm, open-label phase II trial.BMC cancer · 2024Trial
- Axitinib plus avelumab in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: a stratified, open-label, single-center phase 2 clinical trial (GliAvAx).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Trial
- Current evidence and challenges of multitarget anti-angiogenic agents for glioblastoma: Results from clinical trials.iScience · 2025Review
- Kinase-Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- A Review of FDA-Approved Multi-Target Angiogenesis Drugs for Brain Tumor Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Intracranial administration of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint-blocking monoclonal antibodies in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma.Neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Solvates and Polymorphs of Axitinib: Characterization and Phase Transformation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) Blunts Axitinib-Related Adverse Effects in Preclinical Models of Glioblastoma.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Opportunities and Challenges of Small Molecule Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Treatment: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials.Cancers · 2024Review
- Health-related quality of life and neurocognitive functioning in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with intracerebral immune checkpoint inhibition.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.Cancers · 2024Review
- Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) for Glioblastoma Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Axitinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high affinity and specificity for the family of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. It has previously demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a small cohort of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (rGB). We conducted a non-comparative randomized phase II clinical trial investigating axitinib monotherapy versus axitinib plus lomustine (LOM) in patients with rGB. Primary endpoint was 6 month progression-free survival (6mPFS). Patients who progressed on axitinib-monotherapy were allowed to cross-over. Between August 2011 and July 2015, 79 patients were randomized and initiated axitinib monotherapy (n = 50; AXI) or axitinib plus lomustine (n = 29; AXILOM). Median age was 55y [range 18-80], 50M/28F. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between study arms. Nineteen patients in the AXI-arm crossed-over at the time of progression. Treatment was generally well tolerated. AXILOM patients were at higher risk for grade 3/4 neutropenia (0 vs. 21%) and thrombocytopenia (4 vs. 29%). Best Overall Response Rate (BORR) in the AXI-arm was 28 vs. 38% in the AXILOM-arm. 6mPFS was 26% (95% CI 14-38) versus 17% (95% CI 2-32) for patients treated in the AXI versus AXILOM-arms, respectively. Median overall survival was 29 weeks (95% CI 20-38) in the AXI-arm and 27.4 weeks (95% CI 18.4-36.5) in the AXILOM-arm. MGMT-promoter hypermethylation and steroid treatment at baseline correlated significantly with PFS and OS. We conclude from these results that axitinib improves response rate and progression-free survival in patients with rGB compared to historical controls. There is no indication that upfront combination of axitinib with LOM improves results (European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) Study Number: 2011-000900-16).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.