ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2017
Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06082921 (Study of nUtrition in Postpartum and EaRly Life), which is not on this map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Study of nUtrition in Postpartum and EaRly Life (SUPER): Beef Feeding Trial
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mammary gland development and function in maternal obesity and gestational diabetes.Current opinion in physiology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Endocannabinoid System's Influence on Mammary Tissue and Breast Milk Inflammation in Maternal Chronic Obesity.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Mechanistic Pathways of Gestational Obesity: Implications for Maternal and Offspring Health: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Breast Milk Proteome: Changes in the Different Stages of Lactation and Impacts of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Body Mass Index.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Article
- The Home as a Modulator of Milk Immunity: Association Between Domestic Factors and Immune Cell Populations in Human Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Maternal Diet Quality and BMI as Predictors of Human Milk C-Reactive Protein Concentrations.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The Impact of Maternal Chronic Inflammatory Conditions on Breast Milk Composition: Possible Influence on Offspring Metabolic Programming.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Gestational Diabetes, the Human Milk Metabolome, and Infant Growth and Adiposity.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Human cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition and the infant gut microbiome and growth.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Maternal oral probiotic use is associated with decreased breastmilk inflammatory markers, infant fecal microbiome variation, and altered recognition memory responses in infants-a pilot observational study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- A Mediterranean diet plan in lactating women with obesity reduces maternal energy intake and modulates human milk composition - a feasibility study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Importance of human milk for infants in the clinical setting: Updates and mechanistic links.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition, the infant gut microbiome, and infant growth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe goal of this study was to examine the associations of maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy with breast milk C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), two bioactive markers of inflammation, measured at 1 and 3 months post partum.
methodsParticipants were 134 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant dyads taking part in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Health (MILK) study, who provided breast milk samples. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were assessed by chart abstraction; postpartum weight loss was measured at the 1- and 3-month study visits. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of maternal weight status with repeated measures of breast milk CRP and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months, after adjustment for potential confounders.
resultsPre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG, but not total GWG or postpartum weight loss, were independently associated with breast milk CRP after adjustment (β = 0.49, P < 0.001 and β = 0.51, P = 0.011, respectively). No associations were observed for IL-6.
conclusionsHigh pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG are associated with elevated levels of breast milk CRP. The consequences of infants receiving varying concentrations of breast milk inflammatory markers are unknown; however, it is speculated that there are implications for the intergenerational transmission of disease risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.