ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2018
Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autoimmune diseases are modified by sex: a population-based cross-sectional study.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychiatric Comorbidities and Quality-of-Life Burden in Pediatric Patients With Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric dermatology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and intestinal disorders: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Peripheral Inflammation In Adult ADHD: Sex Differences And Hematological Markers.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Risks and Familial Coaggregation of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among First-Degree Relatives of Individuals With Colorectal Cancer.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Are Estrogens Involved in the Earlier Onset of Psoriasis in Girls? Comment on Cassalia et al. How Hormonal Balance Changes Lives in Women with Psoriasis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Use In Utero and Early Life and Risk of Chronic Childhood Conditions in New Zealand: Protocol for a Data Linkage Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Article
- Behavioral disorders in multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- Increased Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Individuals with Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency: A Nationwide Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Differences in the Interleukin Profiles in Inattentive ADHD Prepubertal Children Are Probably Related to Conduct Disorder Comorbidity.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Causality between six psychiatric disorders and digestive tract cancers risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis: Prevalence and Correlates.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Maternal diabetes and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring in a multinational cohort of 3.6 million mother-child pairs.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Acute exposure of microwave impairs attention process by activating microglial inflammation.Cell & bioscience · 2024Article
- Inflammation and emotion regulation: a narrative review of evidence and mechanisms in emotion dysregulation disorders.Neuronal signaling · 2023Review
- A complex case of young child with ADHD, developmental delay who developed seronegative autoimmune encephalitis exacerbated by stimulants.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated associations between neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the immune system, including autoimmune diseases. Since ADHD and many autoimmune diseases show sex-specific properties, such associations may also differ by sex. Using Norwegian national registries, we performed a cross-sectional study based on a cohort of 2,500,118 individuals to investigate whether ADHD is associated with common autoimmune diseases. Associations between ADHD and autoimmune diseases in females and males were investigated with logistic regression and effect modification by sex was evaluated. Several subanalyses were performed. The strongest association was found between ADHD and psoriasis in females, adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) = 1.57 (95% confidence interval: 1.46-1.68) and males, adjOR = 1.31 (1.23-1.40); p value for interaction < 0.0001. Furthermore, among females, ADHD was associated with Crohn's disease, adjOR = 1.44 (1.16-1.79) and ulcerative colitis, adjOR = 1.28 (1.06-1.54). In contrast, males with ADHD had lower odds of Crohn's disease, adjOR = 0.71 (0.54-0.92), in addition to a trend for lower odds of ulcerative colitis, adjOR = 0.86 (0.71-1.03); p values for interaction < 0.0001 and 0.0023, respectively. In a group of females where information on smoking and body mass index was available, adjustment for these potential mediators did not substantially alter the associations. Our findings support previously reported associations between ADHD and diseases of the immune system. The associations differ by sex, suggesting that sex-specific immune-mediated neurodevelopmental processes may be involved in the etiology of ADHD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.