SynthesisBMJ open2017
Cigarette smoking and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Passive smoking and risk of head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2025Pooled it
- Risk Factors Associated with Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidences in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Pooled it
- Smoking and nasopharyngeal cancer: individual data meta-analysis of six prospective studies on 334 935 men.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic microRNA biomarkers for survival outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Effectiveness ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Achieving control of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the role of Epstein-Barr virus-based screening and vaccines.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Identifying key risk factors for thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing radical chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer: a retrospective study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Epigenomic landscape of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Early circulating EBV-DNA clearance predicts enhanced short-term treatment response and survival benefit in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Who determines nasopharyngeal carcinoma inpatients' medical expenditure? Importance factor ranking using the random forest model.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Prognostic analysis of early-onset and late-onset nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective study.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between YAP (Yes-Associated Protein) and VEGF-A with Distant Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Observational
- Value of Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Various Stages.Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology · 2024Article
- Survival in oral and pharyngeal cancers is catching up with laryngeal cancer in the NORDIC countries through a half century.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Ethno-geographic distribution and histopathological classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a single center in Nepal.PloS one · 2024Article
- Gender-Specific Survival of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas Based on the US SEER Database and a Chinese Single-Institutional Registry.Clinical epidemiology · 2024Article
- Systematic replication of smoking disease associations using survey responses and EHR data in the All of Us Research Program.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2023Article
- FGFR3 and FGFR4 overexpression in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: impact of smoking history and implications for personalized management.Journal of applied genetics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe role of cigarette smoking as an independent risk factor for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is controversial. We attempted to provide evidence of a reliable association between cigarette smoking and the risk of NPC.
designMeta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed online and the Cochrane Library of relevant studies published up to February 2016. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: All studies had to evaluate the relationship between NPC and cigarette smoking with never smokers as the reference group. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was the adjusted OR, RR or HR of NPC patients comparing smoking with never-smoking; the second was the crude OR, RR or HR.
resultsWe identified 17 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies including 5960 NPC cases and 429 464 subjects. Compared with never smokers, current smokers and ever smokers had a 59% and a 56% greater risk of NPC, respectively. A dose-response relationship was identified in that the risk estimate rose by 15% (p<0.001) with every additional 10 pack-years of smoking, and risk increased with intensity of cigarette smoking (>30 cigarettes per day). Significantly increased risk was only found among male smokers (OR, 1.36; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.60), not among female smokers (OR, 1.58; 95% CI 0.99 to 2.53). Significantly increased risk also existed in the differentiated (OR, 2.34; 95% CI 1.77 to 3.09) and the undifferentiated type of NPC (OR, 1.15; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.46). Moreover, people who started smoking at younger age (<18 years) had a greater risk than those starting later for developing NPC (OR, 1.78; 95% CI 1.41 to 2.25).
conclusionsCigarette smoking was associated with increased risk of NPC, especially for young smokers. However, we did not find statistical significant risks of NPC in women and in undifferentiated type, which might warrant further researches.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.