ArticlePloS one2017
Mycotoxin profiling of 1000 beer samples with a special focus on craft beer.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modified Mycotoxins in Food: Current Evidence, Key Uncertainties, and Priorities for Risk Assessment.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Fusarium infection in malting barley drives trichothecene transfer and transformation during brewing process, impacting beer safety and composition.Mycotoxin research · 2026Article
- Occurrence and concentration of zearalenone, nivalenol, and trichothecene in beers: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and health risk assessment.Journal of food science and technology · 2025Review
- Mycotoxins in brewing and malting: is every sample contaminated with mycotoxins?Mycotoxin research · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding How Chemical Pollutants Arise and Evolve in the Brewing Supply Chain: A Scoping Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Impact of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone as Single and Combined Treatment on DNA, Cell Cycle and Cell Proliferation in HepG2 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Comparative analysis of mycotoxin, pesticide, and elemental content of Canarian craft and Spanish mainstream beers.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- A comprehensive review of the benefits of drinking craft beer: Role of phenolic content in health and possible potential of the alcoholic fraction.Current research in food science · 2023Review
- Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Portuguese Craft Beers and Raw Materials.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Beer Safety: New Challenges and Future Trends within Craft and Large-Scale Production.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Impact of the Inoculation Method ofToxins · 2022Article
- RelevantFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Mycotoxins inMicrobiology insights · 2022Article
- In situ photo-initiated polymerized oligonucleotide-functionalized hydrophilic capillary affinity monolith for highly selective in-tube microextraction of ochratoxin A mycotoxin.Mikrochimica acta · 2021Article
- Research Progress on Fumonisin B1 Contamination and Toxicity: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in a Rural County of Chile by Urinary Biomarker Determination.Toxins · 2021Article
- Article
- Mycotoxins-Biomonitoring and Human Exposure.Toxins · 2021Review
- Transcriptome Alterations of anFrontiers in plant science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Currently beer is booming, mainly due to the steady rise of craft breweries worldwide. Previous surveys for occurrence of mycotoxins in beer, were mainly focussed on industrial produced beer. The present survey reports the presence of mycotoxins in craft beer and how this compares to industrial produced beer. More than 1000 beers were collected from 47 countries, of which 60% were craft beers. A selection of 1000 samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using a mycotoxin 6-plex immunoassay. For confirmatory analysis, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and applied. The 6-plex screening showed discrepancies with the LC-MS/MS analysis, possibly due to matrix interference and/or the presence of unknown mycotoxin metabolites. The major mycotoxins detected were DON and its plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The 6-plex immunoassay reported the sum of DON and D3G (DON+D3G) contaminations ranging from 10 to 475 μg/L in 406 beers, of which 73% were craft beers. The popular craft beer style imperial stout, had the highest percentage of samples suspected positive (83%) with 29% of all imperial stout beers having DON+D3G contaminations above 100 μg/L. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that industrial pale lagers from Italy and Spain, predominantly contained FBs (3-69 μg/L). Besides FBs, African traditional beers also contained aflatoxins (0.1-1.2 μg/L). The presence of OTA, T-2, HT-2, ZEN, β-zearalenol, 3/15-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and the conjugated mycotoxin zearalenone 14-sulfate were confirmed in some beers. This study shows that in 27 craft beers, DON+D3G concentrations occurred above (or at) the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Exceeding the TDI, may have a health impact. A better control of brewing malts for craft beer, should be put in place to circumvent this potential problem.
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