ArticlePloS one2017
Novel multipurpose pod-intravaginal ring for the prevention of HIV, HSV, and unintended pregnancy: Pharmacokinetic evaluation in a macaque model.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dose-ranging pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a 90-day intravaginal ring delivering islatravir in pigtail macaques.Science advances · 2026Article
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of a Triple-Combination Intravaginal Ring for HIV Prevention.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Next Generation 3D Printed Multipurpose Intravaginal Ring For Sustained Co-Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs and A Contraceptive Hormone.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- A prodrug strategy for sustained release of lactic acid from silicone elastomer vaginal rings.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Next-generation 3D printed multipurpose prevention intravaginal ring for prevention of HIV, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Next-Generation Contraceptive Intravaginal Ring: Comparison of Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol In Vitro and In Vivo Release from 3D-Printed Intravaginal Ring and NuvaRing.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensionally Printed Vaginal Rings: Perceptions of Women and Gynecologists in a Cross-Sectional Survey.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Optimizing the pipeline of multipurpose prevention technologies: opportunities across women's reproductive lifespans.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2023Review
- Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Oral, Parenteral, and Vaginal Dosage Forms for Prevention of HIV/STIs and Unplanned Pregnancy.Polymers · 2021Review
- The Vaginal Microbiota, Bacterial Biofilms and Polymeric Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Design and Characterization of a Novel Series of Geometrically Complex Intravaginal Rings with Digital Light Synthesis.Advanced materials technologies · 2020Article
- Current and Future PrEP Medications and Modalities: On-demand, Injectables, and Topicals.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- Perceptions of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young Pregnant Women from Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2019Article
- Long-Acting Anti-HIV Drugs Targeting HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Relating Advanced Electrospun Fiber Architectures to the Temporal Release of Active Agents to Meet the Needs of Next-Generation Intravaginal Delivery Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2019Review
- Vaginal rings with exposed cores for sustained delivery of the HIV CCR5 inhibitor 5P12-RANTES.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2019Article
- Safety and pharmacokinetics of single, dual, and triple antiretroviral drug formulations delivered by pod-intravaginal rings designed for HIV-1 prevention: A Phase I trial.PLoS medicine · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Globally, women bear an uneven burden for sexual HIV acquisition. Results from two clinical trials evaluating intravaginal rings (IVRs) delivering the antiretroviral agent dapivirine have shown that protection from HIV infection can be achieved with this modality, but high adherence is essential. Multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) can potentially increase product adherence by offering protection against multiple vaginally transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Here we describe a coitally independent, long-acting pod-IVR MPT that could potentially prevent HIV and HSV infection as well as unintended pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics of MPT pod-IVRs delivering tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (TAF2) to prevent HIV, acyclovir (ACV) to prevent HSV, and etonogestrel (ENG) in combination with ethinyl estradiol (EE), FDA-approved hormonal contraceptives, were evaluated in pigtailed macaques (N = 6) over 35 days. Pod IVRs were exchanged at 14 days with the only modification being lower ENG release rates in the second IVR. Plasma progesterone was monitored weekly to determine the effect of ENG/EE on menstrual cycle. The mean in vivo release rates (mg d-1) for the two formulations over 30 days ranged as follows: TAF2 0.35-0.40; ACV 0.56-0.70; EE 0.03-0.08; ENG (high releasing) 0.63; and ENG (low releasing) 0.05. Mean peak progesterone levels were 4.4 ± 1.8 ng mL-1 prior to IVR insertion and 0.075 ± 0.064 ng mL-1 for 5 weeks after insertion, suggesting that systemic EE/ENG levels were sufficient to suppress menstruation. The TAF2 and ACV release rates and resulting vaginal tissue drug concentrations (medians: TFV, 2.4 ng mg-1; ACV, 0.2 ng mg-1) may be sufficient to protect against HIV and HSV infection, respectively. This proof of principle study demonstrates that MPT-pod IVRs could serve as a potent biomedical prevention tool to protect women's sexual and reproductive health and may increase adherence to HIV PrEP even among younger high-risk populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.