SynthesisAnnals of neurology2017
Pooled analysis of the HLA-DRB1 by smoking interaction in Parkinson disease.
Synthesis in Annals of neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- A specific amino acid motif ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Trial
- Shared Epitope-PositiveNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Genetic and Proteomic Investigation of the Smoking-Parkinson's Disease Association.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Preventing Parkinson's disease in the context of movement disorders: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions.Neurological research and practice · 2026Review
- Proposed mechanisms of neuroprotection for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- The combined effect of lifestyle factors and polygenic scores on age at onset in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Review
- Associative role ofFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- The combined effect of lifestyle factors and polygenic scores on age at onset in Parkinson's disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Quantitative and causal analysis for inflammatory genes and the risk of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Changes in smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Ketogenic Diet: An Effective Treatment Approach for Neurodegenerative Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- The Interaction between HLA-DRB1 and Smoking in Parkinson's Disease Revisited.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
- Immunogenetic Determinants of Parkinson's Disease Etiology.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2022Review
- Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2022Article
- Trans-Ethnic Fine-Mapping of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Region Linked to Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2021Article
- Ketone Bodies in Neurological Diseases: Focus on Neuroprotection and Underlying Mechanisms.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Review
- The Search for Environmental Causes of Parkinson's Disease: Moving Forward.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInflammatory response plays an important role in Parkinson disease (PD). Previous studies have reported an association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 and the risk of PD. There has also been growing interest in investigating whether inflammation-related genes interact with environmental factors such as smoking to influence PD risk. We performed a pooled analysis of the interaction between HLA-DRB1 and smoking in PD in 3 population-based case-control studies from Denmark and France.
methodsWe included 2,056 cases and 2,723 controls from 3 PD studies (Denmark, France) that obtained information on smoking through interviews. Genotyping of the rs660895 polymorphism in the HLA-DRB1 region was based on saliva or blood DNA samples. To assess interactions, we used logistic regression with product terms between rs660895 and smoking. We performed random-effects meta-analysis of marginal associations and interactions.
resultsBoth carrying rs660895-G (AG vs AA: odds ratio [OR] = 0.81; GG vs AA: OR = 0.56; p-trend = 0.003) and ever smoking (OR = 0.56, p < 0.001) were inversely associated with PD. A multiplicative interaction was observed between rs660895 and smoking using codominant, additive (interaction parameter = 1.37, p = 0.005), and dominant (interaction parameter = 1.54, p = 0.001) genetic models without any heterogeneity (I² = 0.0%); the inverse association of rs660895-(AG+GG) with PD seen in never smokers (OR = 0.64, p < 0.001) disappeared among ever smokers (OR = 1.00, p = 0.99). Similar interactions were observed when we investigated light and heavy smokers separately.
interpretationOur study provides the first evidence that smoking modifies the previously reported inverse association of rs660895-G with PD, and suggests that smoking and HLA-DRB1 are involved in common pathways, possibly related to neuroinflammation. Ann Neurol 2017;82:655-664.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.