ArticleFrontiers in immunology2017
Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells Drive Multiple Sclerosis Progression.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared CD4+ T cell receptor specificity groups in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Cytomegalovirus Drives the Development of Cytotoxic CD4Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- CD4+T cell metabolic reprogramming as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases.Molecular brain · 2026Review
- Heated tobacco and cigarette smoke modulate CD4 + T cell activation and neuroinflammation in a context-dependent manner.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Dermatomyositis and antisynthetase syndrome disease activity is associated with the expansion of peripheral GZMBFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in cancer: an emerging target for next-generation anticancer immunotherapy?Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and autoimmune diseases: unravelling complex interactions.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Robust CD4medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Clonally expanded effector CD4Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Integrative analysis reveals human endogenous retroviruses-linked immune signatures in schizophrenia.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- Apheresis for the treatment of relapses in MS and NMOSD: reduced antibody reactivities, gene expression changes and potential clinical response indicators.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Human tolerogenic dendritic cell subtypes exert divergent effects on induction of cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Association between peripheral blood immunological status and intrathecal inflammatory markers differentiate multiple sclerosis clinical phenotypes.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Cytotoxic Programming of CD4+ T Cells Is Regulated by Opposing Actions of the Related Transcription Factors Eos and Aiolos.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Terminally differentiated cytotoxic CD4CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Association Between the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis and Dietary Proinflammatory/Anti-Inflammatory Food Intake and Dietary Diversity: A Case-Control Study.Clinical nutrition research · 2024Article
- Lesional senescent CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- CD4 T cells and toxicity from immune checkpoint blockade.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Acthar Gel Inhibits the Activation of CD4Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading cause of chronic neurological disability in young adults. The clinical disease course of MS varies greatly between individuals, with some patients progressing much more rapidly than others, making prognosis almost impossible. We previously discovered that cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTL), identified by the loss of CD28, are able to migrate to sites of inflammation and that they contribute to tissue damage. Furthermore, in an animal model for MS, we showed that these cells are correlated with inflammation, demyelination, and disability. Therefore, we hypothesize that CD4+ CTL drive progression of MS and have prognostic value. To support this hypothesis, we investigated whether CD4+ CTL are correlated with worse clinical outcome and evaluated the prognostic value of these cells in MS. To this end, the percentage of CD4+CD28null T cells was measured in the blood of 176 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (=baseline). Multimodal evoked potentials (EP) combining information on motoric, visual, and somatosensoric EP, as well as Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS) were used as outcome measurements at baseline and after 3 and 5 years. The baseline CD4+CD28null T cell percentage is associated with EP (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.