ArticleBrain and cognition2017
Common framework for "virtual lesion" and state-dependent TMS: The facilitatory/suppressive range model of online TMS effects on behavior.
Article in Brain and cognition, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Sensory recruitment in visual short-term memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sensory visual cortex interference using transcranial magnetic stimulation.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2022Pooled it
- Probing cerebellar involvement in cognition through a meta-analysis of TMS evidence.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- How Can Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Be Used to Modulate Episodic Memory?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Pooled it
- Stimulation of Right Temporal Cortex Enhances Talker Typicality Judgments.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Right‑DLPFC rTMS Transiently Modulates Risky Decision-Making and EEG Oscillatory Activity.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- The Anterior Temporal Semantic Hub in the Left and Right Hemispheres: A Unitary System or Two Separate Systems for Meaning?The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- End-to-end topographic networks as models of cortical map formation and human visual behaviour.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- State-Dependent Brain Stimulation for Visual Neurorehabilitation: Principles and Applications.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- State-dependent associative plasticity highlights function-specific premotor-motor pathways crucial for arbitrary visuomotor mapping.Science advances · 2025Article
- Embracing Internal States: A Review of Optimization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treating Depression.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- Involvement of aSPOC in the Online Updating of Reach-to-Grasp to Mechanical Perturbations of Hand Transport.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Dissecting the Causal Role of Early Inferior Frontal Activation in Reading.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Cerebellar Neurostimulation for Boosting Social and Affective Functions: Implications for the Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxia Patients.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Review
- Switching off: disruptive TMS reveals distinct contributions of the posterior middle temporal gyrus and angular gyrus to bilingual speech production.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Does the right temporo-parietal junction play a role in processing indirect speech acts? A transcranial magnetic stimulation study.Neuropsychologia · 2023Article
- Revisiting the focality of non-invasive brain stimulation - Implications for studies of human cognition.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Causal evidence for the role of the sensory visual cortex in visual short-term memory maintenance.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The behavioral effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) are often nonlinear; factors such as stimulation intensity and brain state can modulate the impact of TMS on observable behavior in qualitatively different manner. Here we propose a theoretical framework to account for these effects. In this model, there are distinct intensity ranges for facilitatory and suppressive effects of TMS - low intensities facilitate neural activity and behavior whereas high intensities induce suppression. The key feature of the model is that these ranges are shifted by changes in neural excitability: consequently, a TMS intensity, which normally induces suppression, can have a facilitatory effect if the stimulated neurons are being inhibited by ongoing task-related processes or preconditioning. For example, adaptation reduces excitability of adapted neurons; the outcome is that TMS intensities which inhibit non-adapted neurons induce a facilitation on adapted neural representations, leading to reversal of adaptation effects. In conventional "virtual lesion" paradigms, similar effects occur because neurons not involved in task-related processes are inhibited by the ongoing task. The resulting reduction in excitability can turn high intensity "inhibitory" TMS to low intensity "facilitatory" TMS for these neurons, and as task-related neuronal representations are in the inhibitory range, the outcome is a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio and behavioral impairment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.