ArticleToxicology reports2014
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine binding to melanin: Some possible consequences for pathologies.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of hydroxychloroquine in primary glomerular disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- A hypothesis for the characteristic parafoveal toxicity observed in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Composite of Babassu Starch, Carbon Black, and Cobalt Phthalocyanine for the Detection of Hydroxychloroquine.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Choroidal thickness changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with hydroxychloroquine using three dimensional maps.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Contrast Sensitivity and Colour Vision Tests for Early Detection and Monitoring of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A NewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Novel electroretinography devices to detect hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: study protocol for a diagnostic accuracy and feasibility study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Mathematical Models of Ocular Drug Delivery.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Review
- Melanin Biopolymers in Pharmacology and Medicine-Skin Pigmentation Disorders, Implications for Drug Action, Adverse Effects and Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Impaired Lysosome Reformation in Chloroquine-Treated Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Review of Retinal Imaging Modalities for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Free radical induced degradation and computational studies of hydroxychloroquine in aqueous solution.Radiation physics and chemistry (Oxford, England : 1993) · 2023Article
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus May Be a Risk Factor for Antimalarial-Induced Retinopathy Compared With Other Rheumatologic Diseases.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Article
- Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Tissue- and cell-expression of druggable host proteins provide insights into repurposing drugs for COVID-19.Clinical and translational science · 2022Review
- Knowledge of Saudi Patients with Autoimmune Diseases about Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity: The Role of Physician-Patient Communication.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Pharmacophore screening to identify natural origin compounds to target RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV2.Molecular diversity · 2022Article
- A Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Method for the Measurement of Hydroxychloroquine and Its Active Metabolite Desethyl Hydroxychloroquine in Whole Blood in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review.Environmental chemistry letters · 2022Review
- Removal of Hydroxychloroquine Using Engineered Biochar from Algal Biodiesel Industry Waste: Characterization and Design of Experiment (DoE).Arabian journal for science and engineering · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For many years chloroquine was used as a prophylactic agent against malaria, and more recently as a mild immunosuppressive. However, due to lengthy treatment periods, adverse effects have become apparent, which included retinopathy. The structurally related hydroxychloroquine is less toxic, thought to be owing to a lower tissue accumulation in melanin rich areas. This study primarily focused on quantifying melanin binding between chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine at physiological pH to investigate the potential link between binding and reported toxicity. In addition, for the first time this study quantified the actual extent of adsorption of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to melanin and examined the desorption profile of both drugs from melanin to demonstrate the affinity between the pigment and the solutes. The results suggest that there is a difference between the adsorption affinities of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, potentially explaining the differences in bioaccumulation in retinal tissue. In addition, both solutes displayed a strong physical attraction to the absorbent.
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Registered trials
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