ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2017
Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heavy Metals, Trace Elements, and Smoking Biomarkers in Venous and Cupping Blood Before and After Wet Cupping Therapy.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Integrated Network Analysis of Toxic Elements Co-exposure and Pathophysiological Changes Triggered by Oxidative Stress/Inflammation in Urban Sanitation Workers.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Heavy Metal Transfer from Cigarette Smoke to Lung Tissue: Inducing on Pulmonary Function and Bronchoalveolar Microbiome Dysregulation in Rats.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Distribution of Toxic and Essential Elements in Autopsy Organs of Subjects Living in South-Eastern Poland.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- From early smoking to COPD and other chronic respiratory disease: unraveling the roles of chemical pollutants and underlying toxicological mechanisms.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Metal carcinogens and cancer: integrating genetic and epigenetic perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The impact of smoking on serum zinc levels among Sudanese adults: a case-control study.The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Metals in the human liver: An underappreciated risk factor of hepatic insulin resistance and associated pathophysiology.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2025Review
- DNA damage response inhibition is an early event in cadmium-induced breast carcinogenesis.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- BRD4 Mediates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury in Mice via Disruption of Redox Homeostasis.Toxics · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study of urinary cadmium levels in current smokers from the multiethnic cohort study.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Investigation of the impact of exposure to trace elements on health and disease from the ToxiLaus study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Which Environmental Pollutants Are Toxic to Our Ears?-Evidence of the Ototoxicity of Common Substances.Toxics · 2024Review
- Heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani, Malaysia: a wastewater-based epidemiology study.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
- Polysaccharides as Protective Agents against Heavy Metal Toxicity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Trace Elements Levels in Major Depressive Disorder-Evaluation of Potential Threats and Possible Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Blood and Urinary Metal Levels among Exclusive Marijuana Users in NHANES (2005-2018).Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- How Do Minerals, Vitamins, and Intestinal Microbiota Affect the Development and Progression of Heart Disease in Adult and Pediatric Patients?Nutrients · 2023Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.